Читать книгу Japanese Kanji Power - John Millen - Страница 9
Оглавление36
分
portion; minute; rate; to divide; to understand
ブン BUN フン FUN ブ BU わ • ける wa(keru) わ • かる wa(karu)
The character 分 combines 八 to cut in two and 刀 sword to give the meaning of divide.
GR2 N5 AP
Example Sentences
1. 今日は気分がいいなあ。
Kyō wa kibun ga ii nā.
I feel fine today!
2. 何か身分証明を持っていますか。
Nani ka mibun shōmei o motte imasu ka.
Do you have any ID on you?
3. 七時四十五分に予約がある。
Shichi-ji ypniūgo-fun ni yoyaku ga aru.
I have an appointment for 7:45.
4. ケーキをみんなに分けた。
Kēki o minna ni waketa.
We divided the cake for everyone.
5. 今の話が分かりましたか。
Ima no hanashi ga wakarimashita ka.
Did you understand what was said just now?
| Common Compounds and Phrases | ||
| 気分 | kibun | a feeling; a mood |
| 身分 | mibun | one's social position circumstances |
| 部分 | bubun | a part |
| 自分 | jibun | oneself; one's own |
| 十分 | jūbun | enough |
| 十分 | jippun, juppun | ten minutes |
| 3分の2 | sanbun no ni | two-thirds |
| 草分け | kusawake | a pioneer; a settler |
EXERCISE 3 (25 – 36)
A. Give the readings for the following.
1. 水
2. 五十分
3. 月
4. 父の日
5. 七ヶ月
6. 少し
7. 五つ
8. 手の中
9. 五日
10. 今日
B. Give the English meanings for the following.
1. ただ今。
2. 水上スキー
3. お父さん
4. 分かりません。
5. 五人
6. 手に入れる
7. 水よう日
8. 五千円
9. 少ない
10. 十一月
C. Write the following in kanji and kana.
1. to divide; to split
2. a young girl
3. three days; the third of the month
4. two-thirds
5. fifteen days; the fifteenth of the month
6. all day long
7. now
8. big hands
9. this month
10. one (a certain) day
REVIEW 1 (1 – 36)
A. Give the English meanings.
1. 下山
2. 一月
3. 今月
4. 三日月
5. 人口
6. 手
7. 九十円
8. 女王
9. 山
10. 入り口
B. Add the appropriate kanji.
1. ちいさい ____さい
2. おんなのこ ____の____
3. じゅうがつ____ ____
4. つち____
5. てにいれる ____に____ れる
6. こんげつ____ ____
7. ついたち____ ____
8. いま____
9. さがる ____がる
10. すくない ____ない
C. Write in hiragana or rōmaji.
1. 今日
2. 二日
3. 一日中
4. 水
5. 川下
6. 王子
7. 十月
8. 女子
9. 五分五分
10. 火山
D. Write in kanji and kana.
1. March 2nd
2. three months
3. Father’s Day
4. fifty minutes
5. a young girl
6. to divide, split
7. two-thirds
8. three (things)
9. May 5th
10. water skiing
E. Practice reading the following.
1. 大きな川
2. 手の中
3. 三上さんの子
4. 川上さんと田口さん
5. 小さな女の子
6. 土田という人
7. 「今日は」
8. 五月三日
9. 水を下さい
10. 女子二人
11. 八千二十円
12. 川口さんに上げた。
13. まるい月
14. お父さん
15. 少し大きい
16. 一つ少ない
17. 三月二十八日
18. 川田さんと山下さん
19. 九千円
20. 少し下さい。
F. Match the following with their readings.
| 1. 三十円 | ( ) | a. mizu no naka | |
| 2. 下手 | ( ) | d. kokonoka | |
| 3. 中川さん | ( ) | c. kyō | |
| 4. 天の川 | ( ) | d. jōzu | |
| 5. 水の中 | ( ) | e. amanogawa | |
| 6. — 日中 | ( ) | f. sanjuen | |
| 7. 九日 | ( ) | g. yoka | |
| 8. 今日 | ( ) | h. heta | |
| 9. 上手 | ( ) | i. ichinichiju | |
| 10. 八日 | ( ) | j. Nakagawa san |
37
木
tree; wood
ボク BOKU モク MOKU き ki *こ ko
The character 木 represents the trunk, branches and roots of a tree.
GR1 N5 AP
Example Sentences
1. 今朝から土木工事が始まった。
Kesa kara doboku kōji ga hajimatta.
The engineering works started this morning.
2. たくさんの木材を輸入している。
Takusan no mokuzai o yunyū shite iru.
They import lots of timber.
3. 燃えないごみの日は火•木です。
Moenai gomi no hi wa ka-moku desu.
Tuesdays and Thursdays are the days for nonburnable trash.
4. 桜の木の下でお花見をしよう。
Sakura no ki no shita de ohanami o shiyō.
Let's enjoy the blossoms beneath the cherry trees.
5. 植木に水をやるのを忘れないで！
Ueki ni mizu o yaru no o wasurenai de!
Don't forget to water the plants!
| Common Compounds and Phrases | ||
| 土木 | doboku | engineering (public) works |
| 木材 | mokuzai | timber; wood |
| 木曜日 | mokuyōbi | Thursday |
| 木造 | mokuzō | (made of) wood |
| 植木 | ueki | a garden / potted plant |
| 並木 | namiki | a line of trees; roadside trees |
| *木の葉 | konoha | leaves of a tree |
38
友
friend
ユウ YŪ とも tomo
The character 反 depicts two hands, a symbol of friendship.
GR2 N5 AP
Example Sentences
1. 今、私には親友がいない。
Ima, watashi ni wa shinyū ga inai.
I don't have any close friends now.
2. 日本とその国は友好条約を結んだ。
Nippon to sono kuni wa yūkō jōyaku o musunda.
Japan has concluded a treaty of friendship with that country.
3. 友達が京都に住んでいます。
Tomodachi ga Kyōto ni sunde imasu.
A friend of mine lives in Kyoto.
4. 今晩、友人と約束があります。
Konban, yūjin to yakusoku ga arimasu.
I have an appointment with a friend tonight.
5. 悪友の言う事には耳を貸すな。
Akuyū no iu koto ni wa mimi o kasu na.
Don't pay any heed to what bad company may say.
| Common Compounds and Phrases | ||
| 親友 | shin'yū | a close friend |
| 友人 | yūjin | a friend |
| 友好 | yūkō | friendship |
| 友情 | yūjō | friendship; fellowship |
| 悪反 | akuyū | bad company / companions |
| 友達 | tomodachi | a friend; a companion |
| メル友 | merutomo | an e-pal; a cyberpal |
39
六
six
ロク ROKU む mu む • つ mu(tsu) むっ • つ mut(tsu) *むい mui
Although the origins of the character 六 are not clear, it now consists of roof and 八 eight.
GR1 N5 AP
Example Sentences
1. 六月六日の六時に来て下さい。
Rokugatsu muika no rokuji ni kite kudasai.
Please come at 6:00 on June 6.
2. 雪の結晶は六角形です。
Yuki no kesshō wa rokkakukei desu.
A snow crystal is hexagonal.
3. 木にリンゴが六つなりました。
Ki ni ringo ga muttsu narimashita.
There are six apples on the tree.
4. 日本で六ヶ月ホームステイをしました。
Nihon de rokkagetsu hōmusutei o shimashita.
I had a homestay for six months in Japan.
5. 来年、息子は小学六年生になります。
Rainen, musuko wa shōgaku rokunensei ni narimasu.
My son will become a sixth grader in elementary school next year.
| Common Compounds and Phrases | ||
| 六月 | rokugatsu | June |
| 六ヶ月 | rokkagetsu | six months |
| 六角形 | rokkakukei | a hexagon |
| 六年生 | rokunensei | a sixth grader |
| 第六感 | dairokkan | a sixth sense |
| 六本木 | Roppongi | (a place) |
| *六日 | muika | six days; the sixth day of the month |
40
右
right
ウ U ユウ YŪ みぎ migi
The character 右 combines right hand and ロ mouth. In the past, people preferred to use their right hand for feeding.
GR1 N5 AP
Example Sentences
1. 右翼の車が家の前を通った。
Uyoku no kuruma ga ie no mae o tōtta.
A right-wing party's truck passed my house.
2. 左右の確認をしなさい。
Sayū no kakunin o shinasai.
Make sure you look both ways.
3. 右手をけがした。
Migite o kega shita.
I hurt my right hand.
4. 字のうまさで彼の右に出る者はいない。
Ji no umasa de kare no migi ni deru mono wa inai.
When it comes to handwriting skill, he is second to none.
5. 彼は社長の右腕だ。
Kare wa shachō no migiude da.
He is the company president's right-hand man.
| Common Compounds and Phrases | ||
| ぬ異 | uyoku | the right wing, faction |
| 右折 | usetsu | a right turn |
| 右派 | uha | a right-wing faction |
| 左右 | sayū | left and right |
| 右手 | migite | the right hand; the right |
| 右腕 | migiude | the right arm; one's right hand |
| 右利き | migi-kiki | right-handed |
41
外
external; other; to remove
ガイ GAI ゲ GE そと soto ほか hoka はず • す hazu(su)
The character 外 shows a moon 夕 and a turtle shell 卜, two objects that suggest outside and external.
GR2 N5 AP
Example Sentences
1. 外国へ行ったことがありません。
Gaikoku e itta koto ga arimasen.
I've never been abroad.
2. 人を外見だけで判断してはいけない。
Hito o gaiken dake de handan shite wa ikenai.
You shouldn't judge people just by their appearance.
3. 外科医に相談するべきだ。
Gekai ni sōdan suru beki da.
You should consult a surgeon.
4. 家の外に洗 • 物を干した。
Ie no soto ni sentakumono o hoshita.
I hung the washing outside the house to dry.
5. ただ今、席を外しております。
Tadaima, seki o hazushite orimasu.
He isn't at his desk at the moment.
| Common Compounds and Phrases | ||
| 外国 | gaikoku | a foreign country; abroad |
| 外見 | gaiken | an outward appearance |
| 外出 | gaishutsu | to go out |
| 海外 | kaigai | abroad; overseas |
| 意外 | igai | unexpected; surprising |
| 外科医 | gekai | a surgeon |
| 仲間外れ | nakama-hazure | ostracism; exclusion |
42
玉
jewelry; ball
ギョ夕 GYOKU たま tama
The character 玉 depicts jewels and a thread that strings them together.
GR1 N2
Example Sentences
1. 博物館に宝玉のコレクションがある。
Hakubutsukan ni hōgyoku no korekushon ga aru.
There is a gem collection at the museum.
2. 水玉模様のワンピースを買った。
Mizutama moyō no wanpiisu o katta.
I bought a one-piece dress with a polka-dot pattern.
3. 百円玉がポケットの中にあった。
Hyakuen-dama ga poketto no naka ni atta.
There was a ¥100 coin in my pocket.
4. この作品は珠玉の短編だ。
Kono sakuhin wa shugyoku no tanpen da.
This short story is a literary gem.
5. 古代エジプトでは、玉座を巡って暗殺が行われた。
Kodai Ejiputo de wa gyokuza o megutte ansatsu ga okona-wareta.
In ancient Egypt there were frequent assassinations to seize the throne.
| Common Compounds and Phrases | ||
| 宝玉 | hōgyoku | a precious stone; a gem |
| 珠玉 | shugyoku | a gem; a jewel |
| 玉座 | gyokuza | the throne |
| 水玉 | mizutama | a drop of water; a dewdrop |
| 玉乗り | tamanori | balancing on a ball |
| 百円玉 | hyakuen-dama | a ¥100 coin |
| あめ玉 | amedama | a round, hard candy |
43
古
old; to wear out
コ KO ふる • い furu(i) ふる • す furu(su)
The character 古 derived from a pictograph of a human skull, an object that represents something old.
GR2 N5 AP
Example Sentences
1. 古典を読んだことがない。
Koten o yonda koto ga nai.
I've never read the classics.
2. 大学で考古学を専攻している。
Daigaku de kōkogaku o senkō shite iru.
I'm majoring in archaeology at college.
3. 古着を誰かにあげたい。
Furugi o dare ka ni agetai.
I'd like to give my old clothes to someone.
4. 昨日、神田の古本屋に行った。
Kinō, Kanda no furuhon-ya ni itta.
I went to a used bookstore in Kanda yesterday.
5. 姉のお古のスーツケースを借りた。
Ane no ofuru no sōtsukēsu o karita.
I borrowed my sister's well-worn suitcase.
| Common Compounds and Phrases | ||
| 古典 | koten | an old book; the classics |
| 中古 | chūko | secondhand (goods); the Middle Ages |
| 考古学 | kōkogaku | archaeology |
| 古本屋 | furuhon-ya | a secondhand bookseller |
| 古着 | furugi | secondhand clothing; old clothes |
| わ古 | ofuru | well-worn; much used |
44
左
left
サ SA ひだり hidari
The character 左 combines ナ left hand and ェ work, and originally meant to help someone at work.
GR1 N5 AP
Example Sentences
1. 次の角を左折してください。
Tsugi no kado o sasetsu shite kudasai.
Please turn left at the next corner.
2. 選挙で左派が勝った。
Senkyo de saha ga katta.
The leftists won the election.
3. 左利きですか。
Hidari-kiki desu ka.
Are you left-handed?
4. 日本では、車は左側を走る。
Nihon de wa, kuruma wa hidarigawa o hashiru.
In Japan, cars drive on the left.
5. このあたりは、右も左も分かりません。
Kono atari wa, migi mo hidari mo wakarimasen.
I don't know my left from my right around here.
| Common Compounds and Phrases | ||
| 左折 | sasetsu | a left-hand turn |
| 左派 | saha | the left wing; the leftists |
| 左利き | hidari-kiki | a left-hander |
| 左側 | hidari-gawa | the left side; port |
| 左手 | hidari-te | the left hand |
| 左向き | hidari-muki | facing left |
| 右左 | migi-hidari | left and right |
45
四
four
シ SHI よ yo よ • つ yo(tsu) よつ • つ yot(tsu) よん yon
The character 四 originally depicted breath coming out of a mouth. Some believe that the meaning four came from breath spreading out in four directions.
GR1 N5 AP
Example Sentences
1. 日本の四季は美しい。
Nihon no shiki wa utsukushii.
The seasons in Japan are beautiful.
2. 四方八方手を尽くして、人を探した。
Shihō happō te o tsukushite, hito o sagashita.
No stone was left unturned as they searched for the person.
3. 四人で旅行したらどうですか。
Yonin de ryokō shitara dō desu ka.
Why don't you travel in a group of four?
4. 昨夜、あの四つ角で事故を起こした。
Sakuya, ano yotsukado de jiko o okoshita.
I had an accident at those crossroads last night.
5. この四つの中から選ぶのは大変だ。
Kono yottsu no naka kara erabu no wa taihen da.
It's hard to choose from among these four.
| Common Compounds and Phrases | ||
| 四季 | shiki | the four seasons |
| 四方八方 | shihō happō | from every direction |
| 四月 | shigatsu | April |
| 四捨五入 | shisha gonyū | rounding to the nearest whole number |
| 四人 | yonin | four people |
| 四つ角 | yotsukado | crossroads |
| 四回 | yonkai | four times |
46
出
to go out; to take out; to send
シュツ SHUTSU *スイ SUI で • る de(ru) だ • す da(su)
The character 出 depicts a foot stepping over a line, to suggest the idea of go out, emerge.
GR1 N5 AP
Example Sentences
1. あの 自動車は輸出用ですか。
Ano jidōsha wa yushutsu-yō desu ka.
Are those cars for export?
2. 月曜日会議に出席する。
Getsuyōbi kaigi ni shusseki suru.
I will attend a conference on Monday.
3. 去年、新しい辞書を出版しました。
Kyonen, atarashii jisho o shuppan shimashita.
They published a new dictionary last year.
4. 七時に家を出た。
Shichiji ni ie o deta.
I left the house at 7:00.
5. いつ手紙を出すつもりですか。
Itsu tegami o dasu tsumori desu ka.
When do you plan to mail the letter?
| Common Compounds and Phrases | ||
| 輸出 | yushutsu | export |
| 提出 | teishutsu | submission; presentation |
| 出席 | shusseki | attendance; presence |
| 出版 | shuppan | publication |
| 出前 | shutchō | a business trip |
| 出前 | demae | home delivery (from a restaurant) |
| 日の出 | hinode | sunrise |
47
生
birth; life; to grow; raw
セイ SEI ショウ SHŌ う • む、u(mu) い • きる i(kiru) お • ラ o(u) は • える ha(eru) なま nama き ki
The character 生 derived from a pictograph of a growing plant.
GR1 N5 AP
Example Sentences
1. うちの子供は中学生です。
Uchi no kodomo wa chūgakusei desu.
My child is a junior high school student.
2. お誕生日おめでとう！
Otaniōbi omedetō!
Happy birthday!
3. きのう女の子が生まれました。
Kinō onna no ko ga umaremashita.
A baby girl was born yesterday.
4. 祖母は九十歳まで生きた。
Sobo wa kvujūssai made ikita.
My grandmother lived until she was 90.
5. ジャズの生演奏を聴きにいった。
Jazu no nama-ensō o kiki ni itta.
I went to listen to a live jazz performance.
| Common Compounds and Phrases | ||
| 中学生 | chūgakusei | a junior high school student |
| 生徒 | seito | a student; a pupil |
| 生年月日 | seinen gappi | date of birth |
| 誕生日 | tanjōbi | one's birthday |
| 生け花 | ikebana | flower arrangement ikebana |
| 生ビール | nama-biiru | draft beer |
| *芝生 | shibafu | a lawn |
48
石
stone
セキ SEKI *シャク SHAKU *コク KOKU いし ishi
The character 石 depicts a rock at the bottom of a cliff.
GR1 N5 AP
Example Sentences
1. 石油を輸入することを止めた。
Sekiyu o yunyū suru koto o yameta.
They stopped importing petroleum.
2. 金沢は百万石の城下町でした。
Kanazawa wa hyakuman-goku no jōkamachi deshita.
Kanazawa was a castle town that produced one million koku† of rice.
3. 大きな石につまづいた。
Ōki na ishi ni tsumazuita.
I tripped on a large stone.
4. 父は石頭で本当に困る。
Chichi wa ishiatama de hontō Hi Amaru.
My father is so hardheaded, I really don't know what to do.
5. 石けんで手をよく洗いなさい。
Sekken de te o yoku arainasai.
Wash your hands well with soap.
† koku is an old unit of measurement, approx.180 liters.
| Common Compounds and Phrases | ||
| 石油 | sekiyu | petroleum; kerosene |
| 宝石 | hōseki | a precious stone; a jewel |
| 一石二鳥 | isseki nichō | killing two birds with one stone |
| 石けん | sekken | soap |
| 仙火 | sekitan | coal |
| 石川 | Ishikawa | Ishikawa (a name) |
| *磁石 | jishaku | a magnet |
EXERCISE 4 (37 – 48)
A. Give readings for the following using hiragana or rōmaji.
1. 日の出
2. 生えている
3. 六月六日
4. 左がわ
5. 外出
6. 友だち
7. 木の下
8. 古い
9. 水玉
10. 四十円
B. Write in English.
1. 六つ
2. 生ねん月日
3. 四人
4. 出す
5. 右うで
6. 大きな石
7. 友人
8. 生きる
9. 外に出る
10. 右から左へ
C. Match the following with their correct reading.
| 1. 木よう日 | ( ) | a. ishikawa |
| 2. 右手 | ( ) | b. sayū |
| 3. 石川 | ( ) | c. rokkagetsu |
| 4. 六ヶ月 | ( ) | d. shigatsu muika |
| 5. 左右 | ( ) | e. deguchi |
| 6. 中古 | ( ) | f. gohyakuen-dama |
| 7. 四月六日 | ( ) | g. ikebana |
| 8. 五百円玉 | ( ) | h. chūko |
| 9. 出口 | ( ) | i. migite |
| 10. 生け花 | ( ) | j. mokuyōbi |
49
白
white
ハク HAKU *ビャク BYAKU しろ shiro しろ• い shiro(i) *しら shira
Originally, the character 白 represented the white nut of an acorn.
GR1 N5 AP
Example Sentences
1. コピーの中に白紙が混ざっている。
Kopii no naka ni hakushi ga mazatte iru.
There is a blank sheet mixed in with the copies.
2. 理由を明白にする必要があった。
Riyū o meihaku ni suru hitsuyō ga atta.
We had to clarify the reason.
3. 白黒の写真が好きです。
Shiro-kuro no shashin ga suki desu.
I like black and white photographs.
4. あの白い車が私のです。
Ano shiroi kuruma ga watashi no desu.
That white car is mine.
5. 白髪が目立ってきた。
Shiraga ga medatte kita.
The gray in my hair has become noticeable.
| Common Compounds and Phrases | ||
| 白紙 | hakushi | white paper; blank paper |
| 明白 | meihaku | clear; obvious |
| 白人 | hakuun | a Caucasian |
| 白菜 | hakusai | Chinese cabbage |
| 白夜 | byakuya | a night under the midnight sun |
| 白黒 | shirokuro | black-and-white; right or wrong |
| *白髪 | shiraga | gray hair |
50
半
half
ハン HAN なか • ば naka(ba)
The character 羊 depicts a cow キ being split in half.
GR2 N5 AP
Example Sentences
1. ケーキを半分に切った。
Kēki o hanbun ni kitta.
I cut the cake in half.
2. 番組の前半を見なかった。
Bangumi no zenhan o minakatta.
I missed the first half of the program.
3. 六時半に学校で会おう。
Rokuji han ni gakkō de aō.
Let's meet at school at 6:30.
4. このリボン、中途半端な長さだなあ。
Kono ribon, chūto hanpa na nagasa da nā.
This ribbon is such an awkward length.
5. 七月の半ばに友だちが来る。
Shichigatsu no nakaba ni tomodachi ga kuru.
A friend is visiting around the middle of July.
| Common Compounds and Phrases | ||
| 半分 | hanbun | half |
| 前半 | zenhan | the first half, period |
| 後半 | kōhan | the latter half |
| 半島 | hantō | a peninsula |
| 下半身 | kahanshin | the lower half of one's body |
| 半額 | hangaku | half the amount (price) |
| 中途半端 | chūto hanpa | halfway; incomplete |
51
母
mother
ボ BO *モ MO はは haha
The character 母 derived from a pictograph of a seated woman. The two dots represent the breasts.
GR2 N5 AP
Example Sentences
1. 母国語は絶対に忘れないそうです。
Bokokugo wa zettai ni wasurenai sō desu.
They say that you can't possibly forget your mother tongue.
2. 保母さんになりたいと思います。
Hobosan ni naritai to omoimasu.
I'd like to become a nursery school teacher.
3. 母は五年前に亡くなりました。
Haha wa gonen mae ni nakunarimashita.
My mother died five years ago.
4. お母さん、私のお弁当はどこ？
Okāsan, watashi no obentō wa doko?
Mom, where's my box lunch?
5. 叔母に茶道を習っています。
Oba ni sadō o naratte imasu.
I'm learning the tea ceremony from my aunt.
| Common Compounds and Phrases | ||
| 母国語 | bokokugo | one's mother tongue |
| 保母(さん) | hobo(san) | a kindergarten teacher |
| 祖母 | sobo | one's grandmother |
| 母校 | boko | one's alma mater |
| 母親 | hahaoya | one's mother |
| *わ母亡ん | okāsan | mother; mom |
| *叔母 | oba | an aunt |
52
北
north
ホク HOKU きた kita
The character 北 depicts two people sitting back-to-back, a reference to turning one's back and fleeing to the north.
Example Sentences
1. まっすぐ北に行けばその町に着きますよ。
Massugu kita ni ikeba sono machi ni tsukimasu yo.
If you go directly north, you'll reach that town.
2. 選挙ではじめて敗北した。
Senkyo de hajimete haiboku shita.
He suffered his first defeat in the election.
3. 北半球と南半球では季節が反対です。
Kita-hankyū to minami-hankyū de wa kisetsu ga hantai desu.
Seasons in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres are reversed.
4. 外は寒い北風が吹いている。
Soto wa samui kitakaze ga fuite iru.
There's a cold north wind blowing outside.
5. 温暖化の影響で北極の氷が溶け始めている。
Ondanka no eikyō de hokkyoku no kōri ga tokehajimete iru.
The ice in the North Pole has begun to melt because of global warming.
GR2 N5 AP
| Common Compounds and Phrases | ||
| 北上 | hokujō | going north |
| 敗北 | haiboku | a defeat; a setback |
| 北極 | hokkyoku | the North Pole |
| 北半球 | kita-hankyū | the Northern Hemisphere |
| 北風 | kitakaze | a north wind |
| 北向き | kitamuki | facing north |
| *北京 | Pekin | Beijing (a place) |
53
本
book; main; origin
ホン HON もと moto
The character 本 represents a tree with a line marked at the base, suggesting the most important part. From this came the meaning foundation, base.
GR1 N5 AP
Example Sentences
1. 本屋で本をニ冊買った。
Honya de hon o nisatsu katta.
I bought two books at the bookstore.
2. 何でも基本が大事。
Nan demo kihon ga daiji.
Knowing the basics is important for all things.
3. 本社は東京にあります。
Honsha wa Tōkyō ni arimasu.
The head office is in Tokyo.
4. これは本物の金だ。
Kore wa honmono no kin da.
This is real gold.
5. 雑草は根本から抜いた方がいい。
Zassō wa nemoto kara nuita hō ga ii.
It's better to pull weeds out by the roots.
| Common Compounds and Phrases | ||
| 本屋 | honya | a bookseller; a bookstore |
| 基本 | kihon | a foundation; a basis |
| 本当 | hontō | true; real |
| 本物 | honmono | a real, genuine thing |
| 見本 | mihon | a sample |
| 山本 | Yamamoto | Yamamoto (a name) |
| 根本 | nemoto / konpon | the root; the base; Nemoto (a name) |
54
百
eye
モク MOKU * ボク BOKU め me *ま ma
The character 目 represents a human eye, turned sideways.
GR1 N5 AP
Example Sentences
1. 新大統領に世界中が注目している。
Shin-daitōryō ni sekauu ga chūmoku shite iru.
The new president is the focus of world attention.
2. まず、目的地までの切符を買いましょう。
Mazu, mokutekichi made no kippu o kaimashō.
Firstly, let's buy the tickets to our destination.
3. 目にごみが入った。
Me ni gomi ga haitta.
I've got a speck of dust in my eye.
4. 右から三番目の席に座ってください。
Migi kara sanbanme no seki ni suwatte kudasai.
Please sit in the third seat from the right.
5. 目印は駅前のコンビニです。
Mejirushi wa ekimae no konbini desu.
Look out for the convenience store in front of the station.
| Common Compounds and Phrases | ||
| 注目 | chūmoku | attention; observation |
| 目的地 | mokutekichi | one's destination |
| 目次 | mokuji | a table of contents |
| 三番目 | sanbanme | the third (one) |
| 目薬 | megusuri | eye drops |
| 目印 | mejirushi | a mark; a sign |
| 目安 | meyasu | a standard; an aim |
55
立
to stand; to raise
リツ RITSU た • つ ta(tsu) 记 • てる ta(teru)
The character 立 depicts a person standing with outstretched arms.
GR1 N5 AP
Example Sentences
1. 国立の大学に入りたいと思います。
Kokuritsu no daigaku ni hairitai to omoimasu.
I'd like to enter a national university.
2. アメリカはイギリス力も独立した。
Amerika wa Igirusu kara dokuritsu shita.
America gained independence from Britain.
3. 今日は立春だ。
Kyō wa risshun da.
Today is the first day of spring.
4. 危険ですから、ここに立たないで下さい。
Kiken desu kara, koko ni tatanai de kudasai.
Please don't stand here. It's dangerous.
5. 次の予定を立てましょう。
Tsugi no yotei o tatemashō.
Let's work out the next schedule.
| Common Compounds and Phrases | ||
| 国立 | kokuritsu | national; state |
| 独立 | dokuritsu | independence; freedom |
| 立春 | risshun | the beginning of spring |
| 自立 | jiritsu | self-reliance |
| 成立 | seiritsu | formation; conclusion |
| 立派 | rippa | splendid; magnificent |
| 立ち話 | tachibanashi | standing and chatting |
56
安
peaceful; cheap
アン AN やす • い yasu(i)
The character combines house and 女 woman, to suggest a woman at home, feeling at ease.
GR3 N5 AP
Example Sentences
1. 今週は交通安全週間です。
Konshū wa kōtsū anzen shūkan desu.
This week is 'Traffic Safety Week'.
2. 彼から電話がないのを不安に思っている。
Kare kara denwa ga nai no o fuan ni omotte iru.
His not having called makes me feel ill at ease.
3. そのやり方は安易な方法でしたね。
Sono yarikata wa an'i na hōhō deshita ne.
That was an easy way of dealing with the matter.
4. これとこれではどっちが安いですか。
Kore to kore de wa dotchi ga yasui desu ka.
Which is the cheaper of these two?
5. この曲を聴くと心が安らぐ。
Kono kyoku o kiku to kokoro ga yasuragu.
Whenever I hear this song, it puts my mind at ease.
| Common Compounds and Phrases | ||
| 安全 | anzen | safety; security |
| 不安 | fuan | uneasiness; anxiety |
| 安易 | an'i | easy; careless |
| 安心 | anshin | peace of mind |
| 安定 | antei | stability; balance |
| 安物 | yasumono | a low-priced article |
| 大安売り | ōyasu-uri | a big bargain sale |
| 安らぐ | yasuragu | to put someone's mind at ease; to feel at ease |
57
会
society; to meet; meeting
カイ KAI エ E あ • う a(u)
The character 会 combines lid and pot of rice 云, which possibly meant put together, and then come together.
GR2 N5 AP
Example Sentences
1. 今、課長は会議中です。
Ima, kachō wa kaigichū desu.
The section chief is in a meeting now.
2. 新人の歓迎会があった。
Shinjin no kangeikai ga atta.
There was a welcoming party for new employees.
3. 機会があったら、また会いましょう。
Kikai ga attara, mata aimashō.
Let's get together again when we get the chance.
4. 会費を忘れず支払って。
Kaihi o wasurezu shiharatte.
Remember to pay your membership fee.
5. 友だちと会う約束がある。
Tomodachi to au yakusoku ga aru.
I'm planning to meet a friend.
| Common Compounds and Phrases | ||
| 会哦 | kaigi | a conference; a meeting |
| 歓迎会 | kangeikai | a welcome (reception) |
| 機会 | kikai | an opportunity; a chance |
| 運動会 | undōkai | a field (sports) day |
| 会話 | kaiwa | conversation; speaking |
| 会費 | kaihi | a membership fee; dues |
| 出会い | deai | a meeting; an encounter |
58
気
spirit; mind; heart
キ KI ケ KE
The character 気 combines メ, which symbolizes rice, and 气, which represents the steam emitted when rice is cooked.
GR1 N5 AP
Example Sentences
1. 気をつけてね。
Ki o tsukete ne.
Take care!
2. 山の天気は、急に変わる事があります。
Yama no tenki wa, kyū ni kawaru koto ga arimasu.
The weather in the mountains can change suddenly.
3. この高原は空気がきれいだ。
Kono kōgen wa kūki ga kirei da.
The air is clean up on this plateau.
4. だんだん景気が良くなってきた。
Dandan keiki ga yoku natte kita.
Business has gradually picked up.
5. 人の気配がした。
Hito no kehai ga shita.
I sensed someone nearby.
| Common Compounds and Phrases | ||
| 天気 | tenki | the weather; fine weather |
| 空気 | kūki | air; the atmosphere |
| 景気 | keiki | business activity; the market |
| 病気 | byōki | sickness; to be ill |
| 気に入り | kiniiri | a favorite; a pet |
| 短気 | tanki | a short temper |
| 気配 | kehai | an indication; a hint |
59
休
to rest; to feel at ease
キュウ KYŪ やす • む yasu(mu) やす • める yasu(meru) やす • まる yasu(maru)
The character 休 combines イ person and 木 tree, representing a person resting against a tree.
GR1 N5 AP
Example Sentences
1. 休日はテニスをします。
Kyūjitsu wa tenisu o shimasu.
I play tennis on my days off.
2. あの店は年中無休だ。
Ano mise wa nenjū mukyū da.
That store is open all year round.
3. 昨日、風邪で学校を休んだ。
Kinō, kaze de gakkō o yasunda.
I was absent from school yesterday because of a cold.
4. 体を休めたらどうですか。
Karada o yasumetara dō desu ka.
Why don't you take a rest?
5. 急がしすぎて、心が休まる時がない。
Isogashi-sugite, kokoro ga yasumaru toki ga nai.
I'm too busy to have time to relax.
| Common Compounds and Phrases | ||
| 休日 | kyūjitsu | a holiday; a day off |
| 連休 | renkyū | consecutive holidays |
| 休憩 | kyūkei | a break; an intermission |
| 年中無休 | nenjū mukyū | open throughout the year |
| 夏休み | natsu-yasumi | a summer holiday |
| 昼休み | hiru-yasumi | a lunch break |
60
行
to go; a row; to carry out
コウ KŌ ギョウ GYO い • く i(ku) ゆ • く yu(ku) おこな • うokona(u)
The character 行 originated from a pictograph of an intersection +, a point of stopping and going.
GR2 N5 AP
Example Sentences
1. この道は一方通行だ。
Kono michi wa ippō tsūkō da.
This is a one-way street.
2. 映画館の前に長い行列があった。
Eigakan no mae ni nagai gyōretsu ga atta.
There was a long line in front of the movie theater.
3. 今日は学校へ行かなくてよい。
Kyō wa gakkō e ikanakute yoi.
I don't have to go to school today.
4. 東京行きの電車に乗って下さい。
Tōkyō-yuki no densha ni notte kudasai.
Please take the train bound for Tokyo.
5. 明日は試験が行われる。
Ashita wa shiken ga okonawareru.
There will be an examination tomorrow.
| Common Compounds and Phrases | ||
| 通行 | tsūkō | passing; traffic |
| 銀行 | ginkō | a bank |
| 旅行 | ryokō | travel; a trip |
| 急行 | kyūkō | an express train |
| 行列 | gyōretsu | a line; a queue; a parade |
| 行事 | gyōji | an event; a function |
| *行方 | yukue | whereabouts |
EXERCISE 5 (49 – 60)
A. Write the readings for the following in hiragana or rōmaji.
1. 休む
2. 行く
3. 母と父
4. 気をつける
5. 半分
6. 会います
7. 大きい目
8. 日本
9. 安い
10. 立っている
B. Match the following with their correct readings.
| 1. 安上がり | ( ) | a. hokujō |
| 2. 天気 | ( ) | b. nakaba |
| 3. 北上 | ( ) | c. futsukame |
| 4. 本日 | ( ) | d. hakujin |
| 5. 半ば | ( ) | e. furuhon |
| 6. クラス会 | ( ) | f. okāsan |
| 7. 二日目 | ( ) | g. honjitsu |
| 8. 古本 | ( ) | h. yasuagari |
| 9. 白人 | ( ) | i. kurasu-kai |
| 10. お母さん | ( ) | j. tenki |
C. Write in kanji and kana.
1. Let’s go!
2. a tournament
3. a northern exit
4. Mother’s Day
5. was cheap
6. to carry out
7. Ms. Yamamoto
8. a feeling, mood
9. an eye
10. a day off, holiday
61
糸
a thread
シ SHI いと to
Originally written as 絲, this character represents a double-stranded thread.
GR1 N2
Example Sentences
1. 針と糸、持ってない？
Hari to ito, motte nai?
Do you have a needle and thread?
2. 彼女は白い毛糸のセーターを着ていた。
Kanojo wa shiroi keito no sētā o kite ita.
She wore a white, woolen sweater.
3. 赤ちゃんの髪は絹糸のようだ。
Akachan no kami wa kinu-ito no yō da.
The baby's hair is like silken thread.
4. 彼は裏で糸を引いているらしい。
Kare wa ura de ito o hiite iru rashii.
He seems to be manipulating things behind the scenes.
5. 問題解決の糸口を探る。
Mondai kaiketsu no itoguchi o saguru.
We will search for clues to settle the question.
| Common Compounds and Phrases | ||
| 綿糸 | menshi | cotton thread |
| 毛糸 | keito | wool; woolen yarn |
| 糸を引く | ito o hiku | to have sticky threads to pull strings |
| 絹糸 | kinu-ito, kenshi | silk thread |
| 糸口 | itoguchi | a beginning; a clue |
| 生糸 | kiito | raw silk |
| 糸偏 | itohen | the ito radical of a Chinese charactr |
62
耳
ear
ジ JI みみ mimi
The character 耳 depicts the shape of an ear.
GR1 N5
Example Sentences
1. 耳鼻科の先生に喉を診てもらった。
Jibika no sensei ni nodo o mite moratta.
I had an ear, nose and throat specialist have a look at my throat.
2. 耳に水が入った。
Mimi ni mizu ga haitta.
Some water got into my ear.
3. 祖父は少し耳が遠い。
Sofu wa sukoshi mimi ga tōi.
My grandfather is a little hard of hearing.
4. それは初耳だよ。
Sore wa hatsumimi da yo.
That's news to me!
5. パンの耳を切り落とさないで。
Pan no mimi o kiri-otosanai de.
Please don't cut the crust off the bread!
| Common Compounds and Phrases | ||
| 耳鼻科 | jibika | the ear, nose and throat department |
| 中耳炎 | chūjien | a middle ear infection |
| 初耳 | hatsumimi | hearing something for the first time |
| 耳が遠い | mimi ga tōi | hard of hearing |
| 耳たぶ | mimitabu | an earlobe |
| 耳鳴り | miminari | ringing in the ears |
| 耳障り | mimizawari | rasping; harsh |
63
西
west
セイ SEI サイ SAI にし nishi
The character 西 depicted a bird in a nest. A bird returns to its nest when the sun sets in the west.
GR2 N5 AP
Example Sentences
1. 西洋の文化に興味があります。
Seiyō no bunka ni kyōmi ga arimasu.
I'm interested in Western culture.
2. 関西国際空港はいつ完成しましたか。
Kansai Kokusai Kūkō wa itsu kansei shimashita ka.
When was the Kansai International Airport completed?
3. 毎日、東西線に乗る。
Mainichi, Tōzai-sen ni noru.
I take the Tōzai line every day.
4. 西の空に太陽が沈む。
Nishi no sora ni taiyō ga shizumu.
The sun sets in the west.
5. この部屋は西日が射して暑い。
Kono heya wa nishibi ga sashite atsui.
This room is hot from the afternoon sun.
| Common Compounds and Phrases | ||
| 西洋 | seiyō | the West; Europe |
| 北西 | hokusei | northwest |
| 西部 | seibu | the western part |
| 西暦 | seireki | the Christian era; A.D. |
| 関西 | kansai | the Kansai (Region) |
| 東西 | tōzai | east and west; East-West |
| 西日 | nishibi | the western (afternoon) sun |
64
先
previous; ahead; future
セン SEN さき saki
The character 先 combines foot and leg 儿 to give the idea of a person going forward.
GR1 N5 AP
Example Sentences
1. 先月、ロンドンに出張した。
Sengetsu, Rondon ni shutchō shita.
I went to London last month on a business trip.
2. 先着順で受け付けます。
Senchakujun de uketsukemasu.
We will accept people on a first-come, first-served basis.
3. 先日、クラス会がありました。
Senjitsu, kurasu-kai ga arimashita.
I had a class reunion the other day.
4. お先にどうぞ。
Osaki ni dōzo.
Please go ahead of me.
5. タクシーの運転手に行き先を告げた。
Takushii no untenshu ni ikisaki o tsueeta.
We told the taxi driver where we wanted to go.
| Common Compounds and Phrases | ||
| 先月 | sengetsu | last month |
| 先生 | sensei | a teacher; a doctor |
| 先着順 | senchakujun | the order of receipt (arrival) |
| 先日 | senjitsu | the other day |
| 先輩 | senpai | one's senior; one's superior |
| 優先 | yūsen | a priority; a preference |
| 行き先 | ikisaki | one's destination |
65
多
many; much
夕 TA おお • い ō(i)
The character 多 combines two moons to indicate many.
GR1 N5 AP
Example Sentences
1. 多分、明日は雨だね。
Tabun, ashita wa ame da ne.
It'll probably rain tomorrow.
2. あちこちでテロが多発している。
Achikochi de tero ga tahatsu shite iru.
Everywhere you go, acts of terrorism are becoming more frequent.
3. ご多忙のところおいで下さってありがとうございます。
Gotabō no tokoro oide kudasatte arigatō gozaimasu.
Thank you so much for taking the time to come.
4. 近頃外食が多い。
Chikagoro gaishoku ga ōi.
I've been eating out a lot lately.
5. 英語が多少話せます。
Eigo ga tashō hanasemasu.
I can speak some English.
| Common Compounds and Phrases | ||
| 多分 | tabun | probably; likely |
| 多発 | tahatsu | a frequent occurrence |
| 多忙 | tabō | being busy |
| 多少 | tashō | more or less |
| 多才 | tasai | versatile; multi-talented |
| 多種多様 | tashu tayō | various; diverse |
| 多目 | ōme | a somewhat larger quantity |
66
年
a year
ネン NEN とし toshi
The character 年 combines 木 rice plant and へ a person bent over. This represented harvest, which occurred every year.
GR1 N5 AP
Example Sentences
1. 日本に来てから一年たちました。
Nihon ni kite kara ichinen tachimashita.
One year has passed since I came to Japan.
2. 近年、日本に住む外国人が増えてきた。
Kinnen, Nihon ni sumu gaikokujin ga fuete kita.
The number of foreigners living in Japan has been growing in recent years.
3. 犠牲者は十五歳の少年だった。
Giseisha wa jūgosai no shōnen datta.
The victim was a 15-year-old boy.
4. 今、60年代が注目されている。
Ima, 60-nendai ga chūmoku sarete iru.
Now, everyone is interested in the 60's.
5. 今年の秋に、インドへ旅行に行く予定です。
Kotoshi no aki ni, Indo e ryokō ni iku yotei desu.
I'm planning to travel to India this autumn.
| Common Compounds and Phrases | ||
| 一年 | ichinen | one year; twelve months |
| 近年 | kinnen | recent years |
| 少年 | shonen | a boy; a lad |
| 60年代 | rokujū-nendai | the sixties |
| 今年 | kotoshi | this year |
| 年上 | toshiue | older; senior |
| 毎年 | maitoshi / mainen | every year |
67
百
hundred
ヒャク HYAKU もも momo
The character 百 combines one 一 and white 白. It is believed that 白 also once indicated hundred; adding — thus meant one hundred.
GR1 N5 AP
Example Sentences
1. 百動販売機に百円玉を入れた。
Jidō hanbaiki ni hyakuen-dama o ireta.
I put a ¥100 coin into a vending machine.
2. パーティーに三百人ぐらいの人が来た。
Pātii ni sanbyaku-nin gurai no hito ga kita.
About three hundred people came to the party.
3. 百科事典で調べよう。
Hyakka jiten de shirabeyō.
Let's look it up in an encyclopedia.
4. 百聞は一見にしかず。
Hyakubun wa ikken ni shikazu.
A picture is worth a thousand words. (a saying)
5. テストで百点をとった。
Tesuto de hyakuten o totta.
I got full marks for the exam.
| Common Compounds and Phrases | ||
| 百円 | hyakuen | one hundred yen |
| 三百人 | sanbyaku-nin | three hundred people |
| 百科事典 | hyakka jiten | an encyclopedia |
| 百貨店 | hyakkaten | a department store |
| 百点 | hyakuten | one hundred points; full marks |
| 百個 | hyakko | one hundred pieces |
68
毎
every; each
マイ MAI
The character 毎 depicts a mother 母 wearing a headpiece .The meaning of every perhaps stems from the frequency at which the mother gives birth.
GR2 N5 AP
Example Sentences
1. 毎日、同じことばかり考えている。
Mainichi, onan koto bakari kangaete iru.
I think about the same thing every day.
2. この番組は毎回おもしろいね。
Kono bangumi wa maikai omoshiroi ne.
This program is always interesting.
3. この薬は毎食後に飲んでください。
Kono kusuri wa maishokugo ni nonde kudasai.
Please take this medication after every meal.
4. 毎朝、公園を散歩する。
Maiasa, kōen o sanpo suru.
I walk in the park every morning.
5. 毎月、東京へ出張する。
Maitsuki, Tōkyō e shutchō suru.
I make a business trip to Tokyo every month.
| Common Compounds and Phrases | ||
| 毎日 | mainichi | every day; daily |
| 毎朝 | maiasa | every morning |
| 毎晚 | maiban | every evening; nightly |
| 毎回 | maikai | every time |
| 毎食後 | maishokugo | after every meal |
| 毎度 | maido | each time; always |
| 毎月 | maitsuki / maigetsu | every month; monthly |
69
名
a name; famous
メイ MEI ミョウ MYŌ な na
The character 名 combines 夕 evening and ロ mouth. People at night would announce themselves to others by calling out their names.
GR1 N5 AP
Example Sentences
1. 彼はベストセラーを書いて有名になった。
Kare wa besutoserā o kaite yūmei ni natta.
He wrote a bestseller and became well-known.
2. レストランに八名で予約した。
Resutoran ni hachimei de yoyaku shita.
I made a reservation for eight people at the restaurant.
3. 東名高速を一時間半走った。
Tōmei kōsoku o ichijikan-han hashitta.
I drove along the Tōmei (Tokyo-Nagoya) Expressway for one and a half hours.
4. 結婚して、名字が変わった。
Kekkon shite, myōji ga kawatta.
Her surname changed when she married.
5. カタカナで名前をここに書いてください。
Katakana de namae o koko ni kaite kudasai.
Please write your name here in katakana.
| Common Compounds and Phrases | ||
| 有名 | yūmei | famous; well-known |
| 八名 | hachimei | 8 people, persons |
| 氏名 | shimei | a full name |
| 名産 | meisan | a noted product; a specialty |
| 名字 | myōii | a surname |
| 本名 | honmyō | one's real name |
| 名前 | namae | a name; one's first name |
70
何
what
力 KA なに nani なん nan
The character 何 combines person イ and possibility 可. Think of this character as a depiction of one's breath when asking What?
GR2 N5 AP
Example Sentences
1. 今、何時ですか。
Ima, nanji desu ka.
What time is it now?
2. 夕食はイ可がいい。
Yūshoku wa nani ga ii.
What would you like to have for dinner?
3. 何人ぐらい来る予定ですか。
Nannin gurai kuru yotei desu ka.
About how many people are you expecting?
4. それについてはイ可も知りません。
Sore ni tsuite wa nani mo shirimasen.
I know nothing about it.
5. 遅くまで、何処へ行っていたの？
Osoku made, doko e itte ita no?
Where have you been until so late?
| Common Compounds and Phrases | ||
| 幾何学 | kikagaku | geometry |
| 何時 | nanji | when; what time? |
| 何人 | nannin | How many people? |
| 何も | nani mo | not anything; nothing |
| 何曜日 | nanyōbi | What day of the week? |
| 何日 | nannichi | How many days; What day of the month? |
| *何処 | doko | Where? |
