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FOOTNOTES:
Оглавление[1] Discoveries in the Ruins of Nineveh and Babylon, 2 vols., 8vo. Lond. 1853. Vol. II., p. 343.
[2] Ezra, vi. I.
[3] Mr. Layard gives a view of the interior of one of these rooms (p. 345) after it had been cleared of rubbish.
[4] La Bibliothèque du Palais de Ninive, par M. Joachim Menant. 8vo. Paris, 1880, p. 32.
[5] The two languages are the ancient Sumerian and the more modern Assyrian.
[6] Athenæus, Book 1., Chap. 4.
[7] Noct. Att. Book VII., Chap. 17. Libros Athenis disciplinarum liberalium publice ad legendum præbendos primus posuisse dicitur Pisistratus tyrannus.
[8] Xenophon, Memorabilia, Book IV., Chap. 2.
[9] Aristoph. Ranæ, 1407–1410, translated by J. H. Frere. The passage has been quoted by Castellani, Biblioteche nell' Antichità, 8vo., Bologna, 1884, pp. 7, 8, and many others.
[10] Strabo, ed. Kramer, Berlin, 8vo., 1852, Book XIII., Chap. I, § 54. πρωτος ὡν ἱσμεν συναγαγων βιβλια, και διδαξας τους εν Αιγυπτω βασιλεας βιβλιοθηκης συνταξιν.
[11] Book xiii., Chap. 4, § 2.
[12] Book xvii., Chap. 1, § 8.
των δε βασιλειων μερος εστι και το Μουσειον, εχον περιπατων και εξεδραν και οικον μεγαν, εν πς το συσσιτιον των μετεχοντων του Μουσειον φιλολογων ανδρων εστι δε τη συνοδω ταυτη και χρηματα κοινα και ιερευς ο επι τω Μονσειω, τεταγμενος τοτε μεν υπο των Βασιλεων νυν δ υπο Καισαρος.
[13] One of the anonymous lives of Apollonius Rhodius states that he presided over the Museum Libraries (των βιβλιοθηκων τον Μουσειον ).
[14] Epiphanius, De Pond. et Mens., Chap. 12. ετι δε υστερον και ετερα εγενετο βιβλιοθηκη εν τω Σερατειω, μικροτερα τες πρωτης, ητις θυγατηρ ωνομασθη αυτης.
[15] Ammianus Marcellinus, Book xxii., Chap. 16, § 12. Atriis columnariis amplissimis et spirantibus signorum figmentis ita est exornatum, ut post Capitolium quo se venerabilis Roma in æternum attollit, nihil orbis terrarum ambitiosius cernat. See also Aphthonius, Progymn. c. xii. ed. Walz, Rhetores Græci, i. 106.
[16] Pliny, Hist. Nat., Book v., Chap. 30. Longeque clarissimum Asiæ Pergamum.
[17] Strabo, Book xiii., Chap. 4, § 2. After recounting the successful policy of Eumenes II. towards the Romans, he proceeds: κατεσκενασε δε οντος την πολιν, και το Νικηφοριον αλσει κατεφυτευσε, και αναθηματα και βιβλιοθηκας και την επι τοσονδε κατοικιαν του Περγαμον την νυν ουσαν εκεινος προσεφιλοκαλησε.
[18] De Architectura, Book vii., Præfatio. The passage is quoted in the next note.
[19] Pliny, Hist. Nat., Book xiii., Chap. 11. Mox æmulatione circa bibliothecas regum Ptolemæi et Eumenis, supprimente chartas Ptolemæo, idem Varro membranas Pergami tradidit repertas. Vitruvius, on the other hand (ut supra) makes Ptolemy found the library at Alexandria as a rival to that at Pergamon. Reges Attalici magnis philologiæ dulcedinibus inducti cum egregiam bibliothecam Pergami ad communem delectationem instituissent, tune item Ptolemæus, infinito zelo cupiditatisque incitatus studio, non minoribus industriis ad eundem modum contenderat Alexandriæ comparare.
[20] Plutarch, Antonius, Chap. 57. To a list of accusations against Antony for his subservience to Cleopatra, is added the fact: χαρισασθαι μεν αυτη τας εκ Περγáμον βιβλιοθηκας, εν αις εικοσι μυριαδες βιβλων απλων ησαν.
[21] Altertümer von Pergamon, Fol., Berlin, 1885, Band 11. Das Heiligtum der Athena Polias Nikephoros, von Richard Bohn. The ground-plan (fig. 2) is reduced from Plate III. in that volume.
[22] Die Pergamenische Bibliothek. Sitzungsberichte der Königl. Preuss. Akad. der Wiss. zu Berlin, 1884, ii. 1259–1270.
[23] In my first lecture as Sandars Reader at Cambridge in the Lent Term, 1900, I pointed out that this enclosure was of about the same size as Nevile's Court at Trinity College, if to the central area there we add the width of one of the cloisters; and that the temple of Athena was of exactly the same width as the Hall, but about 15 feet shorter. Nevile's Court is 230 feet long from the inside of the pillars supporting the Library to the wall of the Hall; and it has a mean breadth of 137 feet. If the width of the cloister, 20 feet, be added to this, we get 157 feet in lieu of the 162 feet at Pergamon.
[24] Now in the Royal Museum, Berlin.
[25] Similar sockets have been discovered in the walls of the chambers connected with the Stoa of King Attalus at Athens. These chambers are thought to have been shops, and the sockets to have supported shelves on which wares were exposed for sale. Conze, ut supra, p. 1260; Adler, Die Stoa des Königs Attalos zu Athen, Berlin, 1874; Murray's Handbook for Greece, ed. 1884, 1. p. 255.
[26] Suetonius, Cæsar, Chap. 44.
[27] Pliny, Nat. Hist., Book vii., Chap. 30; Book xxxv., Chap. 2.
[28] Suetonius, Augustus, Chap. 29.
[29] Isidore, Origines, Book vi., Chap. 5.
[30] Lanciani, Ruins and Excavations of Ancient Rome, ed. 1897, p. 471. Middleton, Ancient Rome, 1892, ii. 204, 205.
[31] Nibby, Roma Antica, p. 601. [Augusto] vi aggiunse un luogo per conversare chiamato Schola.
[32] Vell. Pat., Book 1., Chap. II. Hic est Metellus Macedonicus qui porticus quæ fuere circumdatæ duabus ædibus sine inscriptione positis, quæ nunc Octaviæ porticibus ambiuntur, fecerat.
[33] Suet. De Illustr. Gramm. c. 2.
[34] Middleton, Ancient Rome, 1892, ii. 205.
[35] I have taken these dimensions from Middleton's Plan of the Palatine Hill (ut supra, p. 156), but until the site has been excavated they must be more or less conjectural.
[36] Middleton, Ibid., I. 185–188. The evidence for the portraits rests on the following passage in the Annals of Tacitus ii. 37, where he is relating how Hortalus, grandson of the orator Hortensius, being reduced to poverty, came with his four children to the Senate: "igitur quatuor filiis ante limen curiæ adstantibus, loco sententiæ, cum in Palatio senatus haberetur, modo Hortensii inter oratores sitam imaginem, modo Augusti, intuens, ad hunc modum cœpit."
[37] Pausanias, Attica, Book I., Chap. 18, § 9, ed. J. G. Frazer, Vol. I., p. 26.
[38] The above description is derived from Miss Harrison's book, ut supra, pp. 195–198; Pausanias, ed. J. G. Frazer, Vol. II., pp. 184, 185.
[39] Eusebius, Chronicon, ed. Schöne, Vol. ii., p. 167.
[40] Middleton, Ancient Rome, i. 186.
[41] Tristia, iii. 59.
[42] Epist., i. 3. 17.
[43] Noctes Atticæ, v. 21. 9.
[44] Vopiscus, Hist. Aug. Script., ii. 637.
[45] Aulus Gellius, ut supra, xvi. 8. 2.
[46] Ibid., xi. 17. 1.
[47] Flavii Vopisci Tacitus, c. 8.
[48] Id., Aurelianus, c. 1.
[49] Noctes Atticæ, xix. 5.
[50] Plutarch, Lucullus, Chap. xlii. Σπονδης δ' αξια και λογου τα περι την των βιβλιων κατασκευην. και γαρ πολλα, και γεγραμμενα καλως, συνηγε, η τε χρησις ην φιλοτιμοτερα της κτησεως, ανειμενων πασι των βιβλιοθηκων, και των περι αυτας περιπατων και σχολαοτηρλων ακωλυτως υποδεχομενων τους Ελληνας, ωσπερ εις Μουσων τι καταγωγιον εκεισε φοιτωντας και συνδιημερευοντας αλληλοις, απο των αλλων χρειων ασμενως αποτρεχοντας.
[51] De Tranquillitate Animi, Chap. IX. Studiorum quoque quæ liberalissima impensa est, tamdiu rationem habet quamdiu modum. Quo innumerabiles libros et bibliothecas quarum dominus vix tota vita indices perlegit? onerat discentem turba, non instruit, multoque satius est paucis te auctoribus tradere, quam errare per multos. Quadraginta milia librorum Alexandriæ arserunt: pulcherrimum regiæ opulentiæ monumentum alius laudaverit, sicut et Livius, qui elegantiæ regum curæque egregium id opus ait fuisse: non fuit elegantia illud aut cura, sed studiosa luxuria, immo ne studiosa quidem, quoniam non in studium sed in spectaculum comparaverant sicut plerisque ignaris etiam servilium literarum libri non studiorum instrumenta sed cœnationum ornamenta sunt. Paretur itaque librorum quantum satis sit, nihil in adparatum. "Honestius" inquis "hoc impensis quas in Corinthia pictasque tabulas effuderim." Vitiosum est ubique quod nimium est. Quid habes cur ignoscas homini armaria citro atque ebore captanti, corpora conquirenti aut ignotorum auctorum aut improbatorum et inter tot milia librorum oscitanti, cui voluminum suorum frontes maxime placent titulique? Apud desidiosissimos ergo videbis quicquid orationum historiarumque est, tecto tenus exstructa loculamenta. Iam enim inter balnearia et thermas bibliotheca quoque ut necessarium domus ornamentum expolitur. Ignoscerem plane, si studiorum nimia cupidine oriretur: nunc ista conquisita, cum imaginibus suis descripta, sacrorum opera ingeniorum in speciem et cultum parietum comparantur. With this passage may be compared Lucian's tract: Ηρος απαιδευτον και πολλα βιβλια ωνουμενον. My friend Mr. F. Darwin in informs me that the Latin citrus, or Greek κεδρος, is the coniferous tree called Thuia articulata = Callitris quadrivalvis. See Helm, Kulturpflanzen, Berl. 1894. Engl. Trans, p. 431.
[52] Lanciani, Ancient Rome, 8vo. 1888, p. 193.
[53] Ancient Rome, ed. 1892, ii. 254.
[54] Phil. Trans., Vol. xlviii., Pt 2, p. 634.
[55] Ibid., p. 821.
[56] Ibid., p. 825.
[57] Opere di G. G. Winckelmann, Prato, 1831, vii. 197.
[58] Lanciani, Ruins of Ancient Rome, pp. 213–217. He describes and figures Ligorio's elevation, from MS. Vat. 3439, in Commissione Archeologica Comunale di Roma, Ann. x. Ser. ii., 1882. pp. 29–54. See also Middleton, Ancient Rome, 1892, ii. 15–19. The plan of Rome called the Capitoline Plan, because it is now preserved in the Museum of the Capitol, was fixed to the north-east wall (fig. 7. 3).
[59] The average length of a roll may be taken at 20–30 ft.; the width at 9–11 in. See The Palæography of Greek Papyri, by F. G. Kenyon, Oxf. 1899, Chap. ii.
[60] The breadth of these columns from left to right was not great, and their length was considerably shorter than the width of the roll, as a margin was left at the top and bottom.
[61] Antichità di Ercolano, Fol. Napoli, 1779. Vol. v., Tavola 55, p. 243.
[62] In this statue the roll is a restoration, but a perfectly correct one. It is original, and slightly different, in the replica of the statue at Knowle Park, Sevenoaks, Kent. See a paper on this statue by J. E. Sandys. Litt.D. in Mélanges Weil, 1898. pp. 423–428.
[63] Horace, Epodes, xiv. 5–8. Comp. Martial, Epigrams, iv. 89. Ohe! libelle, Iam pervenimus usque ad umbilicos.
[64] Tristia, i. i. 109.
[65] Catullus (xxii. 7) says of a roll which had been got up with special smartness:
Novi umbilici, lora rubra, membrana
Directa plumbo, et pumice omnia æquata.
[66] Lucian, Adv. Indoct., Chap. 16.
[67] Epigrams, x. 93.
[68] My friend M. R. James, Litt.D., of King's College, has kindly given me the following note: In the apocryphal Assumption of Moses Joshua is told to 'cedar' Moses' words (= rolls), and to lay them up in Jerusalem: "quos ordinabis et chedriabis et repones in vasis fictilibus in loco quem fecit [Deus] ab initio creaturæ orbis terrarum." Assump. Mos., ed. Charles, I. 17. See also Dueange, s.v. Cedria. Vitruvius (II. ix. 13) says: "ex cedro oleum quod cedreum dicitur nascitur, quo reliquæ res cum sint unctæ, uti etiam libri, a tineis et earie non læduntur." See above, p. 22.
[69] Epigrams, iii. ii. 6.
[70] Ovid (Tristia, i. i. 105) addressing his book, says:
Cum tamen in nostrum fueris penetrale receptus
Contigerisque tuam, scrinia curva, domum.
[71] Epigrams, i. 117.
[72] Epigrams, vii. 17.
[73] Suet. Aug. 31. Libros Sibyllinos condidit duobus forulis auratis sub Palatini Apollinis basi.
[74] Sat. iii. 219.
[75] Georg. iv. 250.
[76] De Re Rustica, viii. 8. Paxillis adactis tabulæ superponantur; quæ vel loculamenta quibus nidificent aves, vel fictilia columbaria, recipiant.
[77] Ibid., ix. 12. 2. The writer, having described bees swarming, proceeds: protinus custos novum loculamentum in hoc præparatum perlinat intrinsecus prædictis herbis … tum manibus aut etiam trulla congregatas apes recondat, atque … diligenter compositum et illitum vas … patiatur in eodem loco esse dum advesperascat. Primo deinde crepusculo transferat et reponat in ordinem reliquarum alvorum.
[78] Vegetius, Art. Vet., iii. 32. Si iumento loculamenta dentium vel dentes doluerint.
[79] Vitruvius, De Arch., ed. Schneider, x. 9. Insuper autem ad capsum redæ loculamentum firmiter figatur habens tympanum versatile in cultro collocatum, etc.
[80] Dr. Sandys, in his edition of Aristotle's Constitution of Athens, 1893, p. 174, has shewn that in the office of the public clerk a similar contrivance was used, called επιστυλιον: "a shelf supporting a series of pigeon-holes, and itself supported by wooden pedestals."
[81] Ulpian, Digest, 33. 7. 12. In emptionem domus et specularia et pegmata cedere solent, sive in æditiciis sint posita, sive ad tempus detracta.
[82] Ibid., 29. 1. 17. Reticuli circa columnas, plutei circa parietes, item cilicia, vela, ædium non sunt.
[83] Sat. II. 4. I do not think that these lines refer to a library. The whole house, not a single room in it, is full of plaster busts of philosophers.
[84] Ep. cv. (ed. Billerbeck); Ad Att. iv. 4, p. 2.
[85] Ep. cvi. (ibid.); Ad Att. iv. 5.
[86] Ep. cxi. (ibid.); Ad Att. iv. 8.
[87] This cut is given in Antiquitatum et Annalium Trevirensium libri XXV. Auctoribus RR. PP. Soc. Jesu P. Christophoro Browero, et P. Jacobo Masenio. 2 v. fol. Leodii, 1670. It is headed: Schema voluminum in bibliothecam (sic) ordine olim digestorum Noviomagi in loco Castrorum Constantini M. hodiedum in lapide reperto excisum. See also C. G. Schwarz, De Ornamentis Librorum, 4to, Lips. 1756, pp. 86, 172, 231, and Tab. II., fig. 4. I learnt this reference from Sir E. M. Thompson's Handbook of Greek and Latin Palæography, ed. 2, 1894, p. 57, note. The Director of the Museum at Trèves informs me that all the antiquities discovered at Neumagen were destroyed in the seventeenth century.
[90] Epigrams, Lib. ix. Introduction.
[91] The whole relief is figured in Seyffert, Dictionary of Classical Antiquities, ed. Nettleship and Sandys, p. 649.
[92] De Architectura, Lib. vii, Pref. [Aristophanes] e certis amiariis infinita volumina eduxit.
[93] Digesta Justiniani Augusti, ed. Mommsen. 8vo. Berlin, 1870. Vol. ii. p. 88. Book XXXII. 52.
[94] This is the date of the Columna cochlis. Middleton's Rome, ii. 24 note.
[95] Nibby, Roma Antica, 8vo. Roma, 1839, p. 188.
[96] Epist. II. 17. 8. Parieti eius [cubiculi mei] in bibliothecæ speciem armarium insertum est quod non legendos libros sed lectitandos capit.
[97] I should not have known of the existence of this sarcophagus had it not been figured, accurately enough on the whole, in Le Palais de Scaurus, by Mazois, published at Paris in 1822. The sarcophagus had passed through the hands of several collectors since Mazois figured it, and I had a long and amusing search for it.
[98] Mittheilungen des K. D. Archaeologischen Instituts Rom, 1900, Band xv. p. 171. Der Sarkophag eines Arztes.
[99] The inscription is printed in full in Antike Bilderwerke in Rom … beschrieben von Friedrich Matz., und F. von Duhn, 3 vols., 8vo. Leipzig, 1881, Vol. ii. p. 346, No. 3127*.
[100] Garrucci, Arte Christiana, Vol. IV. p. 39. It would appear from some curious drawings on glass figured by Garrucci, ut supra Pl. 490, that the Jews used presses of similar design in their synagogues to contain the rolls of the law.
[101] The original of this picture is 18 in. high by 9–¾ in. broad, including the border. It could not be photographed, and therefore, through the kind offices of Miss G. Dixon, and Signor Biagi, Librarian of the Laurentian Library, the services of a thoroughly capable artist, Professor Attilio Formilli, were secured to make an exact copy in water colours. This he has done with singular taste and skill. My figure has been reduced from this copy. The press has also been figured in outline by Garrucci, Arte Christiana, Vol. iii., Pl. 126.
[102] The romantic story of the Codex Amiatinus is fully narrated by Mr. H. J. White in Studia Biblica et Ecclesiastica, 8vo. Oxf. 1890, ii. pp. 273–308.
[103] The Octateuch, or, the five books of Moses, with the addition of Joshua, Judges, and Ruth.
[104] Consol. Philosoph., Book I. Ch. 5. Nec bibliothecæ potius comptos ebore ac vitro parietes quam tuæ mentis sedem requiro.
[105] Origines, Book VI. Ch. ii. Cum peritiores architecti neque aurea lacunaria ponenda in bibliothecis putent neque pavimenta alia quam a Carysteo marmore, quod auri fulgor hebetat et Carystei viriditas reficiat oculos.
[106] Apol. adv. Rufinum, ii. 20: Opera, ed. Vallarsi, ii. 549.
[107] De Origine Historia Indicibus scrinii et bibliothecæ Sedis Apostolicæ commentatio Ioannis Baptistæ de Rossi. … 4to. Romæ, 1886, Chapter v. A brief, but accurate, summary of his account will be found in Lanciani's Ancient Rome, 8vo. 1888, pp. 187–190. Father C. J. Ehrle has given me much help on this difficult question.
[108] Sidonii Apollinaris Opera, ed. Sirmondi. 4to. Paris, 1652. Notes, p. 33. The words of this letter, which I have translated very freely, are as follows:
Sed dum hæc tacitus mecum revolvo, occurrit mihi quod in Bibliotheca studiosi sæcularium litterarum puer quondam, ut se ætatis illius curiositas habet, prætereundo legissem. Nam cum supra memoratæ ædis ordinator ac dominus, inter expressas lapillis aut ceris discoloribus, formatasque effigies vel Oratorum vel etiam Poetarum specialia singulorum autotypis epigrammata subdidisset; ubi ad præiudicati eloquii venit poetam, hoc modo orsus est.
The last three lines of the inscription are from the Æneid, Book I. 607. I owe the most important part of the translation of Rusticus to Lanciani, ut supra, p. 196: that of Virgil is by Professor Conington.
[109] I have taken the text of the inscription, and my account of Agapetus and his work, from De Rossi, ut supra, Chap. viii. p. lv.
[110] Cassiodorus, De Inst. Div. Litt. Chap. XXX. pp. 1145, 46. Ed. Migne. De Rossi, ut supra.
[111] Versus qui scripti sunt in armaria sua ab ipso [Isidoro] compositi. Cod. Vat. Pal. 1877, a MS. which came from Lorch in Germany. De Rossi, ut supra. Chap. VII.
[112] Isidori Opera Omnia, 410. Rome, 1803. Vol. vii. p. 179.
[113] See Hen. Stevenson, Topografia e Monumenti di Roma nelle Pitture a fresco di Sisto V. della Biblioteca Vaticana, p. 7; in Al Sommo Pontefice Leone XIII. Omaggio Giubilare della Biblioteca Vaticana, Fol. Rome, 1881.
[114] Signor Lanciani (Ancient Rome, p. 195) was the first to suggest a comparison between the Vatican Library and those of ancient Rome.
