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John O'Brien
Earth Materials
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Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Illustrations
Guide
Pages
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Chapter 1 Earth materials and the geosphere
1.1 EARTH MATERIALS
1.2 MINERALS AND MINERALOIDS
1.2.1 Rocks
1.3 THE GEOSPHERE
1.3.1 Compositional layers
1.3.2 Mechanical layers
1.4 DETAILED MODEL OF THE GEOSPHERE 1.4.1 Earth's crust
Oceanic crust
Continental crust
1.4.2 Earth's Mantle
Upper Mantle and Transition Zone
The lower mantle (mesosphere)
1.4.3 Earth's core
1.5 GLOBAL TECTONICS 1.5.1 Introduction
1.5.2 Divergent plate boundaries
Continental rifts
Oceanic ridge system
1.5.3 Convergent plate boundaries
Subduction zones
Continental collisions
1.5.4 Transform plate boundaries
1.6 HOTSPOTS AND MANTLE CONVECTION
CONTENT ASSESSMENT
REFERENCES
Chapter 2 Atoms, elements, bonds, and coordination polyhedra
2.1 ATOMS
2.1.1 The nucleus, atomic number, atomic mass number, and isotopes
2.1.2 The electron cloud
2.2 THE PERIODIC TABLE
2.2.1 Rows (periods) on the periodic table
2.2.2 Ionization
Box 2.1
Ionization energy
2.2.3 Ionization behavior of columns (groups) on the periodic table
2.2.4 Atomic and ionic radii
2.3 CHEMICAL BONDS 2.3.1 The basics
2.3.2 Ionic (electrostatic) bonds
2.3.3 Covalent (electron‐sharing) bonds
2.3.4 Metallic bonds
2.3.5 Transitional (hybrid) bonds
2.3.6 Van der Waals and hydrogen bonds
2.4 PAULING'S RULES AND COORDINATION POLYHEDRA 2.4.1 Pauling's rules and radius ratios
2.4.2 Electrostatic valency
2.5 THE CHEMICAL CLASSIFICATION OF MINERALS
2.5.1 The basics: silica tetrahedral linkage
CONTENT ASSESSMENT
REFERENCES
Chapter 3 Atomic substitution, phase diagrams, and isotopes
3.1 ATOMIC (IONIC) SUBSTITUTION
3.1.1 Simple ionic substitution
3.1.2 Coupled (paired) ionic substitution
3.1.3 Limited ionic substitution
3.2 PHASE STABILITY (EQUILIBRIUM) DIAGRAMS
3.2.1 The phase rule
3.2.2 One component phase diagram: silica polymorphs
3.2.3 Two component phase diagram: plagioclase
3.2.4 Two component phase diagram: diopside–anorthite
3.2.5 Two‐component phase diagram: albite–orthoclase
3.2.6 Two component phase diagram: nepheline–silica
3.2.7 Two component phase diagram: forsterite–silica
3.3 ISOTOPES
3.3.1 Stable isotopes
Oxygen isotopes
Box 3.1
The Paleocene–Eocene thermal maximum
Carbon isotopes
3.3.2 Radioactive isotopes
Box 3.2
Radon and lung cancer
Age determinations using radioactive decay series
Uranium–lead systematics
Rubidium–strontium systematics
Potassium–argon systematics
CONTENT ASSESSMENT
REFERENCES
Chapter 4 Crystallography
4.1 CRYSTALLINE SUBSTANCES
4.1.1 Crystals and crystal faces
Motifs and nodes
4.2 SYMMETRY OPERATIONS 4.2.1 Simple symmetry operations
Translation
Rotation
Reflection
Inversion
4.2.2 Compound symmetry operations
4.3 TWO‐DIMENSIONAL MOTIFS AND LATTICES (MESHES)
4.3.1 Plane point groups
4.3.2 Plane lattices and unit meshes
4.3.3 Plane lattice groups
4.4 THREE‐DIMENSIONAL MOTIFS AND LATTICES
4.4.1 Space point groups
4.4.2 Bravais lattices, unit cells, and crystal systems
4.5 CRYSTAL SYSTEMS
4.5.1 Crystallographic axes
4.5.2 Crystal forms
4.6 INDEXING PLANES IN CRYSTALS 4.6.1 Axial ratios
4.6.2 Crystal planes and crystallographic axes
4.6.3 Unit faces or planes
4.6.4 Weiss parameters
4.6.5 Miller indices
4.6.6 Form indices
4.6.7 Common crystal forms in each system
Isometric (cubic) system forms
Tetragonal system forms
Hexagonal system (hexagonal division) forms
Trigonal system (hexagonal system, trigonal division) forms
Orthorhombic crystal system
Monoclinic crystal system
Triclinic crystal system
4.7 TWINNED CRYSTALS
4.8 CRYSTAL DEFECTS
Box 4.1
Frenkel and Schottky defects
4.8.1 Point defects
4.8.2 Line defects
4.8.3 Planar defects
Box 4.2
Defects and plastic deformation in crystals
4.9 POLYMORPHS AND PSUEDOMORPHS 4.9.1 Polymorphs
Reconstructive transformations
Displacive transformations
Order–disorder transformations
4.9.2 Pseudomorphs
CONTENT ASSESSMENT
REFERENCES
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