Читать книгу Our Social World - Kathleen Odell Korgen - Страница 107

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A quadrant model illustrates the cooperative versus competitive perspectives. They are as follows.

When humans viewed as cooperative, within parentheses, people interact with others on the basis of shared meanings and common symbols.

 Macro analysis: Structural – Functional theory.

 Micro analysis: Symbolic interactionism theory.

When humans viewed as competitive, within parentheses, behavior governed by self-interest.

 Macro analysis: Conflict theory, within parentheses, group interests.

 Micro analysis: Rational choice theory, within parentheses, individual interests.

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A figure shows a table, with a few comments on it to illustrate how to read a research table. The comments on the table are as follows:

Table 2.1 (1)

 Title: Educational attainment by selected characteristics: 2017 [comment: The title provides information on the major topic and variables in the table.], for persons 25 years old and over, reported in thousands [comment: headnote, within parenthesis, or subtitle: Many tables will have a headnote or subtitle under the title, giving information relevant to understanding the table or units in the table. For this table, the reader is informed that it includes all persons over the age of 25 and the units are reported in thousands.].

 The title is followed by a headnote, “for Persons 25 Years Old and Over, Reported in Thousands.” [Comment: Headnote (or subtitle): Many tables will have a headnote or subtitle under the title, giving information relevant to understanding the table or units in the table. For this table, the reader is informed that it includes all persons over the age of 25 and the units are reported in thousands.]

 Characteristic, [Comment: Marginal tabs: In examining the numbers in the table, try working from the outside in. The marginals, the figures at the margins of the table, often provide summary information. In this table, the first column of numbers is headed “Population, within parenthesis, 1,000,” indicating, within parenthesis by thousands, the total number of people in each category who were part of the database. The columns to the right indicate—by percentages—the level of educational attainment for each category.]

 Age, [Comment: Headings and stubs: Tables generally have one or two levels of headings under the title and headnotes. These instruct the reader about what is in the columns below. In this table, the headings indicate the level of education achieved so that the reader can identify the percentage with a specified level of education. The table also has a stub: the far-left column under “characteristic.” This lists the items that are being compared according to the categories found in the headings. In this case, the stub indicates age, sex, and race or ethnicity.]

 The row with heading “35 to 54 years old” under the tab age has 7 cells with different values. [Comment: Cells: To make more detailed comparisons, examine specific cells in the body of the table. These are the boxes that hold the numbers or percentages. In this table, the cells contain data on educational achievement by age, sex, and race/ethnicity (for Asians, Whites, Blacks, and Hispanics).]

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A figure shows a table, with a few comments on it to illustrate how to read a research table. The comments on the table are as follows:

Table 2.1 (2)

Row head “male” under the row titled, “sex” is termed as units. [Comment: UNITS: Units refer to how the data are reported. They could be in percentages, in number per 100 or 1,000, or in other units. In this table, the data are reported first in raw number in thousands and then in percentages.]

The row with head, “white superscript 2,” [Comment: Facts from the table: After reviewing all this information, the reader is ready to make some interpretations about what the data mean. In this table, the reader might note that young adults are more likely to have a college education than older citizens, though those in the middle age bracket are more likely to have graduate degrees. In addition, people with Asian backgrounds have the highest levels of education. What other interesting patterns do you see?]

Source given under the table reads, “U.S. Census Bureau (2017).” [Comment: SOURCE: The source note, found under the table, points out the origin of the data. It is usually identified by the label “Source.” Under this table, the source note says “U.S. Census Bureau (2017).”]

Column head. “Associate’s Degree” has a superscripted 1 and row heads, “White” and “Black” are superscripted, indicating the footnotes given at the end of the table. Footnote 1: Includes vocational degrees, footnote 2: For persons who selected this race group only. [Comment: Footnotes: Some tables have footnotes, usually indicating something unusual about the data or where to find more complete data. In this table, two footnotes are provided so that the reader does not make mistakes in interpretation.]