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FIGURE 1.1. Cross sections (a view perpendicular to growth or accumulation) of (a) a tree, (b) a cave deposit (speleothem), (c) several tens of meters of glacial ice, (d) a coral, and (e) a sedimentary sequence.

Source: Photo credits: tree ring – http://www‐saps.plantsci.cam.ac.uk/treerings/index.htm; cave formation – Courtesy of John Haynes. Inset figure: speleothem cross section – Photo from ANSTO; Quelccaya Ice Cap – Lonnie Thompson, Ohio State University; X‐ray of a Porites coral skeleton (upper) and shown in UV light (lower) – Lough, 2010, http://wires.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WiresArticle/wisId‐WCC39.html; Santa Maria Basin lake sediments, Argentina – http://tocsy.agnld.uni‐potsdam.de/ex_correlation.php.