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1 Chapter 1FIGURE 1.1. Cross sections (a view perpendicular to growth or accumulation) ...FIGURE 1.2. Terrestrial and marine depositional environments, and example se...FIGURE 1.3. Three paleoclimate archives. (a) A sedimentary outcrop from Bast...FIGURE 1.4. (a) Global geographic distribution of lake and ocean core sites....FIGURE 1.5. Example of (left) an ice core from Huascaran, Peru, and (right) ...FIGURE 1.6. Piece of an Antarctic ice core showing trapped air bubbles.FIGURE 1.7. Class 100 Clean Room at Byrd Polar and Climate Research Center. ...FIGURE 1.8. Scientific research vessel, JOIDES Resolution.FIGURE 1.9. Scientific ocean drilling site locations of the International Oc...FIGURE 1.10. Example of coring and core terminology (from ODP Leg [i.e. Expe...FIGURE 1.11. Photo of the archive‐half of Core 2 from Hole 1215A, located in...
2 Chapter 2FIGURE 2.1. Kelsie Dadd (Sedimentologist, Macquarie University, Australia) a...FIGURE 2.2. Physiographic map of the world's oceans, showing bathymetric fea...FIGURE 2.3. Photos of minerals, volcanic glass, and microfossils as seen thr...
3 Chapter 3FIGURE 3.1. The geologic timescale is the common time reference for Earth hi...FIGURE 3.2. Hypothetical rock sequence displayed as a block diagram. Legend ...FIGURE 3.3. Location of Jokuldalur, Iceland, from Google Earth.FIGURE 3.4. A sketch of the strata at a rock outcrop in Jokuldalur, Iceland....FIGURE 3.5. The original stratigraphic column (partially shown in Figure 3.4...FIGURE 3.6. Earth's magnetic field during normal and reversed polarity state...FIGURE 3.7. Decay chain for ²³⁸U progressing through a series of intermediat...FIGURE 3.8. Growth in activity of ²³⁰Th, toward secular equilibrium with its...FIGURE 3.9. Photographs of the interiors of two speleothems (stalactites, in...FIGURE 3.10. Location of Botuvera´ Cave (27°13´S; 49°09´W) in southeastern B...FIGURE 3.11. A simplified diagram of ²³⁰Th/²³⁴U activity ratio (solid black ...
4 Chapter 4FIGURE 4.1. The Earth's magnetic field (right) protects our planet from much...FIGURE 4.2. Dipole bar magnet with iron filings showing magnetic lines of fo...FIGURE 4.3. World map showing all Deep Sea Drilling Project sites (Legs 1–96...FIGURE 4.4. Two paleomagnetic records from deep‐sea sediments cored in the P...FIGURE 4.5. Earth's magnetic field simulated with a supercomputer model. The...FIGURE 4.6. Cryogenic magnetometer aboard the JOIDES Resolution drillship. T...FIGURE 4.7. Two transects (numbers 21 and 19) of magnetometer data collected...FIGURE 4.8. Generalized depiction of magnetic anomalies and magnetic “stripe...FIGURE 4.9. Magnetic profiles depicting positive and negative magnetic anoma...FIGURE 4.10. Time scale for geomagnetic reversals. Normal polarity intervalsFIGURE 4.11. Paleomagnetic record preserved in the upper 155 m of Hole 1208A...FIGURE 4.12. Map of magnetic “stripes” on the seafloor south of Iceland. The...FIGURE 4.13. Map of the South Atlantic showing the cruise path and sites dri...FIGURE 4.14. Left: Marine magnetic anomalies of the South Atlantic. Heavy li...FIGURE 4.15. Portion of the geomagnetic polarity timescale used during ODP L...FIGURE 4.16. Paleomagnetic data from ODP Hole 1208A.
5 Chapter 5FIGURE 5.1. Four species of planktic foraminifers from the tropical western ...FIGURE 5.2. Calcareous microfossils (calcareous nannofossils and planktic fo...FIGURE 5.3. Generalized abundance and taxonomic diversity (numbers of specie...FIGURE 5.4. Comparison of phytoplankton diversity (numbers of species and ge...FIGURE 5.5. Making a smear slide.FIGURE 5.6. A geoscientist using a transmitted light microscope.FIGURE 5.7. Smear slide of sample 807A‐8H‐5, 51 cm from Ontong Java Plateau ...FIGURE 5.8. Smear slide of sample 807A‐8H‐2 cm from Ontong Java Plateau in t...FIGURE 5.9. Select species of calcareous nannofossils identified and illustr...FIGURE 5.10. Location of ODP Site 1208 on Shatsky Rise in the northwest Paci...FIGURE 5.11. Two‐part diagram illustrating how biostratigraphy is applied to...FIGURE 5.12. Biozones for planktic forams (N zones) and calcareous nannofossi...FIGURE 5.13. Example of an age–depth plot from ODP Site 846 in the eastern e...FIGURE 5.14. Sites drilled during ODP Leg 165 and location of ODP Site 999 i...FIGURE 5.15. Upper row: Examples of terrestrially derived pollen and spores....FIGURE 5.16. Drawings illustrating how terrestrial pollen and spores are tra...FIGURE 5.17. Generalized bathymetric map of the U.S. continental margin betw...FIGURE 5.18. Relationship between two dinocyst biozonations (onshore Denmark...FIGURE 5.19. Summary of palynomorph results from one of the drillsites of th...
6 Chapter 6FIGURE 6.1. .(a) Volcanic outgassing and lava.(b) Oil refinery, Alaska....FIGURE 6.2. A simplified diagram of the short‐term carbon cycle showing the ...FIGURE 6.3. Anthropogenic (human) and natural radiative forcing factors that...FIGURE 6.4. Compilation of results from temperature sensitivity studies publ...FIGURE 6.5. Atmospheric CO₂ concentrations measured at Mauna Loa Observatory...FIGURE 6.6. Atmospheric CO₂ concentrations over the last 20 000 yr. Gray sha...FIGURE 6.7. A simplified diagram of the long‐term carbon cycle.Not...FIGURE 6.8. (a) Paleo‐atmospheric CO₂ proxy and model data for the Phanerozo...FIGURE 6.9. (a) Paleo‐atmospheric CO₂ from proxies (black line) and the GEOC...FIGURE 6.10. IPCC climate model projections of atmospheric CO₂ concentration...FIGURE 6.11. Atmospheric CO₂ for the past 800 000 yr measured from gases in ...FIGURE 6.12. Average reservoir δ¹³C values compiled from Faure (1986), O'Lea...FIGURE 6.13. Atmospheric CO₂ (ppm, in blue and red) and δ¹³C (per mil, ‰, in...FIGURE 6.14. Benthic foraminiferal marine carbon isotopes (δ¹³C) over the pa...
7 Chapter 7FIGURE 7.1. Hydrologic cycle reservoirs. (a) Iceland Vatnajökull ice cap mel...FIGURE 7.2. 125 000 yr record of δ¹⁸O measured in ice cores from two sites o...FIGURE 7.3. 65 Myr composite record of benthic foraminiferal stable oxygen i...FIGURE 7.4. Two isotopes of oxygen. P indicates the number of protons; N ind...FIGURE 7.5. Schematic diagram showing water movement through time (i.e. Time...FIGURE 7.6. Empirical relationship between modern average annual air tempera...FIGURE 7.7. Generalized map of the δ¹⁸O values of modern precipitation in No...FIGURE 7.8. A sketch of North America during the late Pleistocene deglaciati...FIGURE 7.9. Comparison of paleotemperature proxies in ice cores from Greenla...FIGURE 7.10. An 800 000 yr record of CO₂ (parts per million by volume; ppmv)...FIGURE 7.11. A representative mix of microfossil shells of benthic (bottom t...FIGURE 7.12. Schematic diagram from subtropical to polar latitudes showing w...FIGURE 7.13. Schematic diagrams illustrating the accumulation of benthic and...FIGURE 7.14. Bottom: 65 Myr composite record of deep‐sea benthic foraminifera...
8 Chapter 8FIGURE 8.1. The Earth and Sun.FIGURE 8.2. Hypothetical data displaying cyclicity.FIGURE 8.3. Inferred ancient Antarctic air temperature variations (blue), ca...FIGURE 8.4. Magnetic susceptibility of terrestrial sediment at two locations...FIGURE 8.5. Abundance of freshwater African diatom Melosira in sediment core...FIGURE 8.6. (a) Locations of the 57 deep‐sea cores used in the Lisiecki and R...FIGURE 8.7. A “stacked” benthic oxygen isotope record constructed by graphic...FIGURE 8.8. Records of the relative abundances of various “palynomorph” micr...FIGURE 8.9. (a) Photo of a Miocene age lacustrine (ancient lake) outcrop of t...FIGURE 8.10. Composite digital core photograph, color reflectance, and bulk ...FIGURE 8.11. Temporal variations of elements enriched in clay‐ and silt‐size...FIGURE 8.12. Bathymetric map of Shatsky Rise and the location of Shatsky Ris...FIGURE 8.13. Representative smear slide images of the light (Left: 400× magn...FIGURE 8.14. (Left) Zero eccentricity and (right) 0.5 eccentricity, which gr...FIGURE 8.15. Schematic diagram of different tilt angles.FIGURE 8.16. Top: Schematic diagram showing the changing direction of Earth's...FIGURE 8.17. This map shows a reconstruction of the maximum extent of Pleist...FIGURE 8.18. Atmospheric CO₂ for the past 800 000 yr measured from gases in ...
9 Chapter 9FIGURE 9.1. Paleocene–Eocene boundary clay marking the PETM in a core collec...FIGURE 9.2. Changes in δ¹⁸O and δ¹³C values of planktic foraminiferaAcarinin...FIGURE 9.3. Map of all the Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) sites (1985–2003). N...FIGURE 9.4. Benthic foraminiferal oxygen (lower panel) and carbon (upper pan...FIGURE 9.5. Location of sites drilled on Shatsky Rise during ODP Leg 198. No...FIGURE 9.6. PETM sections on Shatsky Rise. Sites are arranged by increasing ...FIGURE 9.7. Hole 1209B was drilled in a water depth of 2387 m on the souther...FIGURE 9.8. Stratigraphic changes in environmental and biotic proxies throug...FIGURE 9.9. Map of the central tropical Pacific showing the ODP Leg 199 dril...FIGURE 9.10. Digital images of the Paleocene–Eocene boundary sediments recov...FIGURE 9.11. Comparison of magnetic susceptibility and gamma ray attenuation...FIGURE 9.12. PETM stable isotope data from ODP Site 690 near the Weddell Sea...FIGURE 9.13. ODP Leg 208 drill sites on Walvis Ridge. Left: Bathymetric map ...FIGURE 9.14. Digital core photos and weight %CaCO₃ across the Paleocene–Eoce...FIGURE 9.15. Bulk sediment carbon isotope records across Walvis Ridge from s...FIGURE 9.16. Composite diagram showing bulk sediment δ¹³C and weight %CaCO₃ ...FIGURE 9.17. Location of two drill sites in New Jersey (Wilson Lake and Bass...FIGURE 9.18. High‐resolution records across the Paleocene–Eocene boundary in...FIGURE 9.19. Paleogeographic reconstruction of the Arctic Basin and Northern...FIGURE 9.20. Core recovery in IODP Hole 302‐4A, and geochemical and palynolo...FIGURE 9.21. Map of the present‐day northern North Atlantic (Greenland–Norwe...FIGURE 9.22. Correlation of continental records of well‐dated coal‐bearing t...FIGURE 9.23. Open circles show the locations of Polecat Bench and Cabin Fork...FIGURE 9.24. Carbon isotope records from Cabin Fork (left) and Polecat Bench...FIGURE 9.25. Paleogeographic map showing the distribution of landmasses at t...FIGURE 9.26. A terrestrial record spanning the PETM from the Williston Basin...FIGURE 9.27. Location of ODP Site 690 near the Weddell Sea in the Southern O...FIGURE 9.28. ODP Hole 690B‐Core 19H. The onset of the PETM (CIE = carbon iso...FIGURE 9.29. Geochemical data for ODP Hole 690B‐Core 19H (167–174 mbsf). From...FIGURE 9.30. X‐ray fluorescence (iron, Fe, and calcium, Ca, counts per secon...FIGURE 9.31. Comparison and correlation of PETM interval at ODP Site 690, We...FIGURE 9.32. Time series data from 1880 to 2020 of annual global average tem...FIGURE 9.33. Global annual anthropogenic carbon emissions and carbon emissio...
10 Chapter 10FIGURE 10.1. The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on NA...FIGURE 10.2. 65 Myr composite record of benthic foraminiferal stable oxygen ...FIGURE 10.3. Map of the southern Indian Ocean showing sites cored during ODP...FIGURE 10.4. Upper Eocene–lower Oligocene stable isotope data and ice‐rafted...FIGURE 10.5. Map of all the Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) sites (1985–2003). ...FIGURE 10.6. High‐resolution paleoceanographic records from ODP Site 1218 (8...FIGURE 10.7. Composite digital images of cores taken across the Eocene–Oligo...FIGURE 10.8. Composite digital images of the Eocene–Oligocene transition (in...FIGURE 10.9. Paleogeographic map of the Tasmanian region at the time of the E...FIGURE 10.10. Summary of the sediment lithogies for ODP Leg 189 Sites 1168 t...FIGURE 10.11. Map of the sub‐Antarctic South Atlantic showing the loca...FIGURE 10.12. Changes in the relative abundance of calcareous microfossils (...FIGURE 10.13. Location of Southern Ocean ODP Sites 689 (Leg 113), 738 (Leg 1...FIGURE 10.14. Relative abundance (%) of nannofossil paleoecological groups (...FIGURE 10.15. Relative abundance (%) of nannofossil paleoecological groups (...FIGURE 10.16. Relative abundance (%) of nannofossil paleoecological groups (...FIGURE 10.17. Global sea level reconstruction (light blue + black) for the in...FIGURE 10.18. Changes in the relative abundances of select planktic foramini...FIGURE 10.19. Strontium isotopic composition of seawater for the past 70 Myr....FIGURE 10.20. This composite figure depicts a simulated initiation of East A...FIGURE 10.21. Antarctica and surrounding continents showing the development ...FIGURE 10.22. Histogram of the number of K‐Ar and 40Ar/39Ar ages from four c...FIGURE 10.23. Cenozoic deep‐sea oxygen isotope data for DSDP sites in the No...FIGURE 10.24. North–South (meridional) profile of the Atlantic Ocean showing...FIGURE 10.25. Conceptual diagram of the global conveyor of ocean circulation...
11 Chapter 11FIGURE 11.1. The ANDRILL drill site on the McMurdo Ice Shelf during the 2006...FIGURE 11.2. View of the Transantarctic Mountains looking north across Caven...FIGURE 11.3. 65 Myr composite record of benthic foraminiferal stable oxygen ...FIGURE 11.4. Map showing distribution of DSDP, ODP, and IODP core locations....FIGURE 11.5. Maps of Antarctica and the Southern Ocean. Extent of sea ice sh...FIGURE 11.6. Map of Antarctica showing location of East Antarctic Ice Sheet ...FIGURE 11.7. Simplified geologic map of McMurdo Sound region showing Ross Is...FIGURE 11.8. Simplified cross section showing transition from a land‐based g...FIGURE 11.9. Portion of geologic map and legend from Geologic Map of Antarct...FIGURE 11.10. Simplified geologic cross‐section of the western Ross Sea regi...FIGURE 11.11. Simplified diagram illustrating some of the systems used to ob...FIGURE 11.12. Geography of McMurdo Sound Region, showing geographic and tect...FIGURE 11.13. Age and characteristics of sediments retrieved from drilling p...FIGURE 11.14. Cross section of the Victoria Land Basin of western Ross Sea r...FIGURE 11.15. General paleoenvironmental setting for sedimentation along the ...FIGURE 11.16. Cross section showing a conceptual model for growth and decay o...FIGURE 11.17. Four core intervals from ANDRILL 1‐B.FIGURE 11.18. Cross section showing part of conceptual model for growth and ...FIGURE 11.19. Example of a sequence motif from ANDRILL Core 1‐B, 1053.3 thro...FIGURE 11.20. Core log for ANDRILL 1‐B (ANDRILL “MIS”), from Naish et al. (2...
12 Chapter 12FIGURE 12.1. Pliocene paleogeography of North America (left), and modern geo...FIGURE 12.2. Composite deep‐sea benthic foraminiferal oxygen isotope curve (...FIGURE 12.3. (A) Location map of Lake El'gygytgyn (red star) and other Plioc...FIGURE 12.4. Composite figure showing data for the interval from 2.2–3.6 Ma ...FIGURE 12.5. Geomagnetic polarity time scale and deep‐sea benthic foraminife...FIGURE 12.6. Modern mean annual sea surface temperature (SST). The Western P...FIGURE 12.7. Pliocene reconstruction map (PRISM3) of mean annual sea surface...FIGURE 12.8. Mid‐Pliocene PRISM3 SST anomaly map: these sea surface temperat...FIGURE 12.9. (A) (upper plot): Latitudinal mean annual temperature (MAT) gra...FIGURE 12.10. Map showing how different mean annual temperatures (MATs) were...FIGURE 12.11. Estimates of Plio–Pleistocene atmospheric carbon dioxide conce...FIGURE 12.12. (same asFigure 12.2.). Composite deep‐sea benthic foraminiferal...FIGURE 12.13. Map of the U.S. East Coast, Gulf Coast, Gulf of Mexico and nor...FIGURE 12.14. Summary diagram showing peak global mean temperature relative ...FIGURE 12.15. Spatial extent of a projected 1‐m (pink) and 6‐m (red) future ...FIGURE 12.16. Population density across the lower 48 states, northern Mexico...FIGURE 12.17. Observed average global sea level since the start of the satel...FIGURE 12.18. This graph shows the average number of days per year on which ...FIGURE 12.19. Map showing the average number of days per year on which coast...FIGURE 12.20. Observed sea level from tide gauges (dark gray) and satellites...FIGURE 12.21. Cumulative coastal populations at risk for a projected 0.9 m s...
13 Chapter 13FIGURE 13.1. The geologic timescale is the common time reference for Earth h...FIGURE 13.2. A simplified depiction of Earth history highlighting fundamenta...FIGURE 13.3. Summary diagram of marine animal diversity, sea level change, p...FIGURE 13.4. Global compilation of deep‐sea oxygen and carbon isotope records...FIGURE 13.5. Stratigraphic context of Paleocene–Eocene vertebrate faunal cha...FIGURE 13.6. Stratigraphic ranges of mammalian genera from 294 localities ar...FIGURE 13.7. Evidence of dwarfing during the PETM (Zone Wa‐0) in several mam...FIGURE 13.8. Teilhardina. (From DiBgd, Creative Commons Attribution‐Share Al...FIGURE 13.9. Correlation of the carbon isotope records of the Paleocene–Eoce...FIGURE 13.10. Paleogeographic map showing a very different distribution of c...FIGURE 13.11. Six successive evolutionary associations of the large Cenozoic ...FIGURE 13.12. Modern horse (Equus) meets earliest horse. Sifrhippus sandae, ...FIGURE 13.13. Summary of horse evolution (family Equidae), including phylogen...FIGURE 13.14. Note the dark green shading for mollisol in sod grasslands (wi...FIGURE 13.15. Coevolution of horses and grasses. Note the mollic epipedon in ...FIGURE 13.16. Distribution of the primary sediment types on the seafloor. No...FIGURE 13.17. Global oceanic and terrestrial photoautotroph abundance as mea...FIGURE 13.18. Annual mean sea surface temperature.FIGURE 13.19. (a) Mean annual sea surface temperature. (b) Mean annual sea s...FIGURE 13.20. Compilation of deep‐sea benthic foraminiferal oxygen isotope d...FIGURE 13.21. (Top) Reconstructions of paleo‐atmospheric CO₂proxy reco...FIGURE 13.22. Skeletal reconstruction of the basilosauridDorudon atrox (Ging...FIGURE 13.23. Generic diversity of Cetacea from the Eocene to the Holocene. ...FIGURE 13.24. Key steps in human evolution. Hominin is a general term descri...FIGURE 13.25. A composite picture of global paleoclimatic change and hominin...FIGURE 13.26. Vegetation habitats based on temperature and precipitation....FIGURE 13.27. Comparison of: (a) eccentricity variations (Berger and Loutre ...FIGURE 13.28. Estimate of global human population for the last 10 000 yr bas...FIGURE 13.29. Earth at night.FIGURE 13.30. Contrasting climatic and biotic conditions for five different ...FIGURE 13.31. Colored lines: cumulative percent (%) of vertebrate species re...FIGURE 13.32. Representations of climate stability and change. Climate state...FIGURE 13.33. What path will we take? Stabilized Earth or pushed past a tipp...
14 Chapter 14FIGURE 14.1 When soil and fine‐grained sediment dry out at the surface, they...FIGURE 14.2. Time series data from 1880 to 2020 of annual global average tem...FIGURE 14.3. Distribution of Northern Hemisphere summertime temperatures for...FIGURE 14.4. Vulnerability index map for 2017. Vulnerability measures a count...FIGURE 14.5. Readiness index map for 2017. Readiness measures a country's abi...FIGURE 14.6. Map of cities and sites of ancient Maya Civilization.FIGURE 14.7. Laser measurements using LiDAR reveal details of ancient settle...FIGURE 14.8. Average monthly temperature (red line) and precipitation (blue ...FIGURE 14.9. Seasonal variations in the mean position of the intertropical c...FIGURE 14.10. Bathymetry of Cariaco Basin showing location of Site 1002, whe...FIGURE 14.11. Photograph of laminated sediment in the Cariaco Basin, ODP Hol...FIGURE 14.12 Ti content of a 90 millimeter (mm) slab of core from Site 1002 ...FIGURE 14.13. Sediment core taken from the deepest part of Lake Chichancanab...FIGURE 14.14. Comparison of the sediment density records from the Lake Chich...FIGURE 14.15. Cross section of a Douglas fir tree trunk showing the seasonal...FIGURE 14.16. Grid points (red dots) in the North American Drought Atlas (NA...FIGURE 14.17. Tree ring reconstructed drought data from NADA Grid Point 104....FIGURE 14.18. Compiled data from the western 103 of the 286 grid points in t...FIGURE 14.19 Summary of research results on reconstructed water levels in Mo...FIGURE 14.20. Cliff Palace, at Mesa Verde National Park in Colorado, USA....FIGURE 14.21. Records of precipitation reconstructed from tree ring data at ...FIGURE 14.22. Maps present information from the North American Drought Atlas...FIGURE 14.23. The percent area of drought conditions for Arizona during 2000...FIGURE 14.24. Screenshot from the US Geologic Survey’s (USGS) interactive on...FIGURE 14.25. History of population growth in Maricopa County, Arizona, sinc...

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