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Ivan Likhachev

The very first Soviet truck

ZIS-5, the legendary domestic truck

Ivan Likhachev. Birth – 1896, with. Ozers of the Tula region… The end of the village school, work as a mechanic at the Putilov factory… during the First World War – a service by a sailor in the Baltic Fleet. From 1917 to 1921 years. Likhachev is a commander in parts of the Red Army, and even an employee of the Cheka. Further – studying at the Mining Academy and the Leningrad Electromechanical Institute. Getting too many, not always applicable in practice, knowledge will upset the future People’s Commissar. He leaves the university and, at the behest of the Communist Party, heads the Moscow Automobile Plant (1926). The plant was founded in 1916, before the final establishment of the Soviet government, it was able to produce about 1,300 Fiat cars. The first achievement of MAZ in the USSR – the release in November 1924 of ten one-and-a-half truck AMO-F-15. It is interesting that the conveyor “American”, even with the delivery of Soviets from across the ocean, costs ten times cheaper than it, manufactured on the stalks of the domestic analogue.

From a small and poorly equipped enterprise, in fact – large repair shops, the 30-year-old director creates an auto giant very quickly. Ivan visits the factories of Henry Ford in America, buys Buick, brings it to the capital, sorts it out in parts, introduces many technological innovations to the ZIS (since 1931 – the Stalin Plant). In the same year, based on the American Autocar-5S, AMO-3 was created, the first full-sized truck in the USSR. Likhachev personally participates in the Moscow-Leningrad motor rally. In 1934 the volume of output of cars of various modifications reaches 100 000 per year.

In 1939, Likhachyov was appointed a People’s Commissar of the average industry of the USSR. What is going wrong is not so with scrupulous “execution of government decisions” for “part of compliance with the discipline” in production, and Ivan Alekseevich returned to the plant. The main idea of the automaker is “initiative from below at all levels”. The output of cars reaches 150,000 per year. In October, the plant is evacuated to the Urals, where several powerful high-tech enterprises of various profiles are created on its basis.

An important achievement (in the opinion of the author) – in 1951 the ZIL company organizes the production of quality refrigerators for the widest masses of the population of the USSR.

And, of course, a dubious model of cooperation is the creation, on the basis of documentation, and by Soviet workers, of the Automobile Plant No. 1 in China (1953). Later this, given by the USSR just like that, “to strengthen friendship” the company gets the name First Automobile Works (FAW), and to this day remains the leader of the automobile industry of the Celestial Empire.

…The last Soviet truck – ZIL-4331, out of a total volume of 1.6 million, is manufactured by the plant already on the verge of the collapse of the USSR. In 2016, the Moscow Administration decides to abandon production, destroy the remaining buildings, and use the liberated large areas for the construction of elite residential complexes.

…In the years 1953—1956. Likhachev – Minister of Road Transport and Highways of the USSR. He does not retire, and leaves this world in June 1956. The Moscow Automobile Plant (MAZ, the former ZIS, and the “Pietro Ferrero Plant”) receives the name of ID Likhachev (ZIL).

Private life. His wife is Anna, and her only daughter. Hobbies are a passionate football fan.

Andrey Stakhanov

Andrey Stakhanov. Birth – 1905, etc. Lugovaya, Orel region (the neighborhood of the city of Orel) … work as a shepherd, then, at the mine “Central-Irmino” in the Lugansk region as a horse-breeder, and a “classic” miner. The head of the mine, in order to avoid accusations of wrecking, need a loud success. In order to avoid raising the norms of production (therefore, adjusting the ratio “the amount of coal mined – the money earned”), the miners refuse to take part in the action. All except Aleksey Stakhanov, enthusiastically accepted, and even developed the ideas of the party organizer of the mine Konstantin Petrov. On the night of August 1, 1935, Stakhanov “picks up” 102 tons of coal, instead of 7 tons, thereby raising labor productivity 14 times. The basis of the record is the scrupulous preparation of the work of the only “champion”; the preparation of arch fasteners, the stabilization of pressure in the jackhammer (due to the suspension of the rest), the organization of sufficient lighting, etc. In addition, starting from this case, a “progressive” payment system is used. Now all the coal is attributed to the slaughterer himself, and the work of his assistants – skilled stitchers passes through a separate graph. Stakhanov receives 220 rubles, instead of the usual for a miner 25—30. There is no information about the earnings of his two companions.

…Alexei conducts high-ranking officials to the house, with applause and flowers, and then he remains, together with his cousin Evdokia (gypsy), facing a direct threat of physical destruction. At night they burst into the door. Yevdokia hides her husband in the basement, grabs a knife, and promises to deliver accurate punches to the first one who will pass the threshold… The dust of Aleksei’s “buddies” subsides somewhat.

And, fate leads A. Stakhanov away from gloomy dungeons, to pleasant activities, speeches to collectives of workers and schoolchildren, envelops the ring of protection. Alexei’s wife disappears-she dies from underground abortion, goes to the camp (leaving her children to her husband), is rejected by the leadership as an “incorrect” drummer companion, or something else-we do not know for sure.

…At a school concert, Stakhanov gets acquainted with the 14-year-old Galina. Almost a formal girl… not that she responds to the 30-year-old Hero of Labor with reciprocity, but she does not protest. Parents, caring about the welfare of their daughter, ascribe to her 2 years of life, and marry.

In 1936 the young people moved to Moscow. Stakhanov studies in the Industrial Academy… is elected to the Supreme Soviet of the USSR… lives in the famous House on the Embankment, gets a personal car. The success of the worker is personally monitored by Joseph Stalin (he often invites one to dinner, reviews the lecture notes). He, in fact, becomes the “godfather” of the miner. The journalist makes the mistake of calling Andrei Stakhanov Alexei. The leader declares: “This is a good name… the newspaper” Pravda “can not deceive” and, in the opinion of his pet, not at all interested in, decides to write out the “correct” passport.

Vasiliy Stalin becomes a close friend and drinking companion of Stakhanov. Together they go into steep turns, break Stakhanov’s GAZ M-1, smash the restaurant of the Metropol Hotel, catch the fish in its aquarium, and so on… After all, concerned about his son’s condition, I. Stalin sends the failed Coal Industry Commissar in Karaganda (Kazakhstan), where he becomes the chief of the mine.

In 1943, Alexei Grigorievich returned to Moscow, to the former remarkable apartment (Berestenevskaya embankment). He works in the “sinecure” – the head of the sector of socialist competition, the People’s Commissariat, whose head did not, and especially does not grieve.

In 1957, Khrushchev, for certain reasons, wishing to see Stakhanov closer to real production, calls Alexei into the office, and explains the whole situation. This is in fact necessary for foreign writers who form an opinion on the Country of Soviets. The Hero of Labor does not have to go through silly papers on the table. “After all, I myself am a miner…” Nikita Sergeyevich pronounces, but Stakhanov unceremoniously cuts him off. “What kind of (obscene word) miner!?”.

It’s all. Temporary “reference” is replaced by a lifelong one. The Stakhanov family, from Moscow and a five-room apartment with conveniences, refuses to go for the disgraced head. In Donbass town of Torez Aleksey Grigorievich becomes an assistant to the chief engineer of the mine. The trouble is that Stakhanov can actually no longer work. Salary “Lehe Stakanov” (from the word “glass”) is charged in any case. So a person gets out of a toning-up daily regime, gets out of the circle of fruitful communication, falls into depression and binge. In 1970, Stakhanov was remembered at the very top, sent K.T. Petrov to Torez, the same one who once organized the epoch-making record, with the mission of salvation. Konstantin Grigorievich finds his former protege in the most depressing state, under a fence (worse than you can imagine), laundered and delivers to Moscow. Here the miner is awarded the Order of the Hero of Socialist Labor, amicably welcomes labor collectives, etc., etc.

After take-off follows another failure. Stakhanov goes to a psychiatric hospital. After the last arrival of K. Petrov (1977) follows a short-term remission. The miner comes to his senses, recalls his whole life, says, he says, demands the return of the departed Constantine back.

The next day Stakhanov perishes.

Private life: civil marriage with Evdokia – daughter and son. These children quite happily get on with the second, legitimate wife Galina, and two new sisters. The third marriage is concluded in “exile”, almost accidentally, with some Antonina, and soon canceled.

Morality. In a society where all are formally equal, the information hunger is particularly acute. For the sake of its quenching various kinds of labor “records” are organized. Life is the essence of news. The social order that officially allows stratification, or at least some kind of non-equality of people, experiences considerably less difficulty in preparing tasty information dishes.

In the society of equality, tendencies of thoughtless imitation are strong. Experience, more or less useful in coal mining, is transferred to medicine, science, art (we are obliged to give out more distant teeth, discoveries, productions) and, sadly, the service of state security. Since the beginning of 1937, repressive bodies on the ground compete in the number of people killed, put forward “counter plans” to increase Stalin’s quotas, and so on.

Are workers ready or not prepared to responsibly manage the most important enterprises of the state? The answer in the case of Stakhanov is “No, this threatens them with a nervous breakdown.” But, we also know other examples, here, yes, the sailor Ivan Likhachev (two courses of the Mining Academy), in old workshops created a grandiose automotive production. The result: “OK, and it’s good, but you should be prepared for such a transformation, and always look carefully at your feet.”