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Business firms and other organizations rely on information systems to carry out and manage their operations, interact with their customers and suppliers, and compete in the marketplace. An information system is composed of many components that include hardware, software, data, people, procedures, and networks necessary to use information as a resource in an organization [Whitman 2011]. An information system is an organized assembly of computing and communication resources and procedures – e.g. equipment and services, together with their supporting infrastructure, facilities, and personnel – that create, collect, record, process, store, transport, retrieve, display, disseminate, control, or dispose information to accomplish a specified set of functions [RFC 4949].

An information system aims to support operations, management, and decision making. In a broad sense, the term is used to refer not only to the ICT that an organization uses but also to the way in which people interact with this technology in support of business processes. At the center of any computing or information system is data and information.