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Figure 1.17 shows different types of information systems. Distinct types of information systems include the following [O’Brien 2011]:

 Management information systems are used to analyze and facilitate strategic and operational activities. They utilize systems to generate information to improve efficiency and effectiveness of decision making, providing critical information tailored to the information needs of executives (e.g. decision support).

 Operations support information systems refer to the interconnected databases and applications implemented for the ongoing central maintenance of electronic operational data. Operations information system process data generated by business operations, maintain records about the exchanges, handle routine (yet critical) tasks, monitor, and control industrial processes.

Figure 1.17 Information systems classification.

Source: [O’Brien 1999]. © 1999, McGraw‐Hill.

As depicted in this diagram, both categories Operations support and Management Support Systems categories include specialized processing systems such expert systems (expert advice to decision makers), knowledge management systems (manage organizational knowledge), strategic information systems (support competitive advantage), and functional business systems (support business functions).

Also, information systems include specialized systems such as industrial/process control systems, telephone switching and private branch exchange (PBX) systems, and environmental control systems [CNSSI 4009].

Process control systems, SCADA systems, distributed control systems (DCS), and other smaller control system configurations including skid‐mounted programmable logic controllers (PLC) are often found in the industrial sectors and critical infrastructures. These are also known under a general term, industrial control system (ICS) [NIST SP800‐82r2]. SCADA systems and DCS monitor the flow of electricity from generators through transmission and distribution lines. These electronic systems enable efficient operation and management of electric systems through the use of automated data collection and equipment control. A related term is industrial control network, which is a system of interconnected equipment used to monitor and control physical equipment in industrial environments [Galloway 2012].

Industrial control system is a generalized term referring to a system of electronic components that control the physical operations of machines. Automated or operator‐entered commands can be issued to machines, either locally in‐plant or remote station control devices, often referred to as field devices. The machines may transmit sensor data back to the controller for monitoring and automated operational functions. ICSs are typically used to operate the infrastructure in industries such as electrical, water, oil and gas, discrete manufacturing, and chemical including experimental and research facilities such as nuclear fusion laboratories. The reliable operation of modern infrastructures including Smart Grid depends on computerized systems and SCADA systems.