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Other relatively common causes of secondary hypertension include:

pre-eclampsia during the last three months of pregnancy (which affects around one in ten pregnant women)

the side-effects of some drugs.

Rarer causes of secondary hypertension include:

anatomical abnormalities of the circulatory system such as narrowing of the aorta or renal artery

polycythaemia, in which blood stickiness is significantly increased due to over-production of red blood cells

Conn’s syndrome, in which there are high levels of aldosterone hormone

phaeochromocytoma, due to a tumour that secretes excessive amounts of adrenaline hormone and noradrenaline

Cushing’s syndrome, due to excessive exposure to corticosteroids – either from overactive adrenal glands or from steroid drug treatment

acromegaly, due to excessive production of growth hormone by the pituitary gland

hyperparathyroidism, due to overactivity of the four parathyroid glands in the neck which, if not treated, raises blood calcium levels and can damage the kidneys.