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1 1. For the moment, the industrialized countries have been relatively spared, but only thanks to the fragile protection afforded by technology – a protection which depends on diminishing energy and mineral resources.

2 2. P. Servigne and R. Stevens, How Everything Can Collapse: A Manual for Our Times, trans. A. Brown (Cambridge: Polity, 2020).

3 3. MAUSS stands for Mouvement anti-utilitariste dans les sciences sociales (Anti-utilitarian Movement in the Social Sciences). See the foreword to the present book as well as the Revue du MAUSS website (www.revuedumauss.com.fr/Pages/ABOUT.html).

4 4. See The Convivialist Manifesto (www.gcr21.org/publications/gcr/global-dialogues/convivialist-manifesto-a-declaration-of-interdependence) and the convivialists’ website (http://convivialisme.org/worldwide/).

5 5. P. Kourilsky, Le Temps de l’altruisme (Paris: Odile Jacob, 2009); P. Kourilsky, Le Manifeste de l’altruisme (Paris: Odile Jacob, 2011); M. Ricard, Altruism: The Power of Compassion to Change Yourself and the World, trans. C. Mandell and S. Gordon (New York: Little, Brown and Company, 2015); M. Ricard and T. Singer (eds), Caring Economics: Conversations on Altruism and Compassion (London: Macmillan, 2015).

6 6. J. Lecomte, La Bonté humaine: altruisme, empathie, générosité (Paris: Odile Jacob, 2012).

7 7. E. Jaffelin, Petit Éloge de la gentillesse (Paris: J’ai lu, 2010); F. Martin, Le Pouvoir des gentils: les règles d’or de la relation de confiance (Paris: Eyrolles, 2014).

8 8. J.-L. Laville, Politique de l’association (Paris: Le Seuil, 2010).

9 9. R. G. Wilkinson and K. Pickett, The Spirit Level: Why More Equal Societies Almost Always Do Better (London: Allen Lane, 2009).

10 10. P. Dardot and C. Laval, Common: On Revolution in the 21st Century, trans. M. MacLellan (London: Bloomsbury, 2019); B. Coriat (ed.), Le Retour des communs et la crise de l’idéologie propriétaire (Paris: Les Liens qui Libèrent, 2015).

11 11. F. de Waal, The Age of Empathy: Nature’s Lessons for a Kinder Society (London: Penguin, 2010); J. Rifkin, The Empathic Civilization: The Race to Global Consciousness in a World in Crisis (Cambridge: Polity, 2010).

12 12. J.-M. Pelt, La Solidarité chez les plantes, les animaux, les humains (Paris: Fayard, 2004); A. Supiot (ed.), La Solidarité: enquête sur un principe juridique (Paris: Odile Jacob, 2015); R. Mathevet, La Solidarité écologique: ce lien qui nous oblige (Arles: Actes Sud, 2011).

13 13. Despite the recent progress made by certain companies, it is clear that the business milieu is afflicted by appalling inertia. Gauthier Chapelle was a business consultant in sustainable development (in the field of biomimicry) for ten years. He strove to show corporations that, by drawing inspiration from the supportive relationships of the living world, their organization would not only be sustainable, but much more efficient. Unfortunately, he often found that many companies did not want to take the risk of changing their structure and purpose.

14 14. For an overview, see A.-S. Novel, La Vie share: mode d’emploi. Consommation, partage et modes de vie collaboratifs (Paris: Alternatives, 2013); S. Riot and A.-S. Novel, Vive la corévolution! Pour une société collaborative (Paris: Alternatives, 2012); D. Filippova (ed.), Société collaborative: La fin des hiérarchies (Paris: Rue de l’Échiquier, 2015). On the means of communication, see J. Rifkin, The Zero Marginal Cost Society: The Internet of Things, the Collaborative Commons, and the Eclipse of Capitalism (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011); M. Bauwens, Sauver le monde: vers une économie post-capitaliste avec le peer-to-peer (Paris: Les Liens qui Libèrent, 2015). On companies, see F. Laloux, Reinventing Organizations: A Guide to Creating Organizations Inspired by the Next Stage in Human Consciousness (Brussels: Nelson Parker, 2014); J. Lecomte, Les Entreprises humanistes (Paris: Les Arènes, 2016). On energy, see J. Rifkin, The Third Industrial Revolution: How Lateral Power is Transforming Energy, the Economy, and the World (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014).

15 15. P. Kropotkin, Mutual Aid, first published in 1902 and available online: https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/petr-kropotkin-mutual-aid-a-factor-of-evolution. Incidentally, the French translation (Entr’aide) was the work of Kropotkin’s friend, also a geographer and anarchist, Élisée Reclus; the word entr’aide was a French neologism of his coining, losing its apostrophe in 1931 to become entraide. See M. Enckell, ‘Notes sur l’histoire d’un mot’, Réfractions, 23, 2009, pp. 5–8.

16 16. In this work, we have cited only about a third of the sources known to us.

17 17. We are both trained agronomists and animal biology specialists. Above all, we have shared, since our earliest childhood, an unease at being surrounded by the myth of a cruel, aggressive and competitive nature. This does not fit with our experience, our observations or our feelings. Even if our naturalistic sensibility immunized us against this ideological soup, it still took us more than twenty-five years to transform this intuition into certainty, and a few more years to pull the latter into a coherent synthesis.

18 18. For years, the results, assumptions and theories of each discipline remained contradictory. No overall picture emerged. There were too many gaps between the disciplines, and each continued its work while ignoring the others. It is only very recently that tremendous progress has made it possible to propose a comprehensive structure for this ‘other law of the jungle’.