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• Loss of neck mobility (minimal, unless fusion extended to occiput and C1)

• Intraoperative CSF leak

• Blood clot (deep vein thrombosis, or more severe pulmonary embolism)

• Damage to spinal nerves and/or cord

Fig. 1.24 (a–c) Intraoperative image of surgical exposure for cervical midline intramedullary tumor resection. A laminoplasty was performed beforehand to visualize the dura. (Source: Operative considerations and surgical pearls. In: Baaj A, Kakaria U, Kim H, eds. Surgery of the Thoracic Spine: Principles and Techniques. 1st ed. Thieme; 2019).

• Postoperative weakness or numbness or continued pain

• Postoperative wound infection

• Continued symptoms postsurgically/unresolved symptoms with no improvement to quality of life

• Prolonged hospitalization due to invasiveness of surgery and other comorbidities/iatrogenic infection

• Injury to trachea or esophagus (from anterior approach)

• Injury to vertebral or carotid arteries