Читать книгу Cyber-physical Systems - Pedro H. J. Nardelli - Страница 18

1 1.1 Daily language and scientific concepts. The idea is to think about the word power.Check in the dictionary the meaning of the word power and write down its different meanings.Compare (a) with the meaning of the concept as defined in physics: power is the amount of energy transferred or converted per unit time.Write one paragraph indicating how the daily language defined in (a) may affect the practice of a scientist working with the physical concept indicated in (b).

2 1.2 Scientific rationalities. In Example 1.3 in Section 1.4, an example of the three scientific rationalities was presented. It is your turn to follow the same steps.Find an example of scientific practices that can be related to the three rationalities.Based on (a), provide one example of each scientific rationality: (i) classical, (ii) nonclassical, and (iii) interventionist.Articulate the scientific practices defined in (a) and (b) with other practices present in the social whole.

3 1.3 Alan Turing and theoretical computer sciences. The seminal work of Claude Shannon was presented in this chapter as the beginning of information theory. Alan Turing, a British mathematician, is also a well‐known scientist considered by many as the father of theoretical computer sciences. Let us investigate him.Read the entry “Alan Turing” from The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy [16].Establish the historical background of Turing's seminal work On computable numbers, with an application to the Entscheidungsproblem [17] following Example 1.4 in Section 1.4. This is the first paragraph of the text: The ‘computable’ numbers may be described briefly as the real numbers whose expressions as a decimal are calculable by finite means. Although the subject of this paper is ostensibly the computable numbers, it is almost equally easy to define and investigate computable functions of an integral variable or a real or computable variable, computable predicates, and so forth. The fundamental problems involved are, however, the same in each case, and I have chosen the computable numbers for explicit treatment as involving the least cumbrous technique. I hope shortly to give an account of the relations of the computable numbers, functions, and so forth to one another. This will include a development of the theory of functions of a real variable expressed in terms of computable numbers. According to my definition, a number is computable if its decimal can be written down by a machine.Discuss the relation between the work presented in (b) with the more philosophically leaned (speculative) Computing Machinery and Intelligence [18]. This is the first paragraph of the text: I propose to consider the question, “Can machines think?” This should begin with definitions of the meaning of the terms “machine” and “think”. The definitions might be framed so as to reflect so far as possible the normal use of the words, but this attitude is dangerous. If the meaning of the words “machine” and “think” are to be found by examining how they are commonly used it is difficult to escape the conclusion that the meaning and the answer to the question, “Can machines think?” is to be sought in a statistical survey such as a Gallup poll. But this is absurd. Instead of attempting such a definition I shall replace the question by another, which is closely related to it and is expressed in relatively unambiguous words.