Читать книгу CNC Control Setup for Milling and Turning: - Peter Smid - Страница 10
Оглавление| 2 | CNC MACHINE SPECIFICATIONS |
All CNC machine tool manufacturers provide very comprehensive information about each of their products they ship to their customers, mainly distributors, dealers, service providers, and even to the end users. Typically, this information is a collection of various data related to the particular CNC machine tool.
Machine specifications contain data relating to important dimensions, capacities, ranges, restrictions and limitations of the machine tool, not the CNC system. These specifications come in many versions, each being focused to a different purpose of usage. They can be in digital form stored on a disk, or in a reference book that is shipped with the CNC machine.
Most commonly available methods of machine specifications data can be summed up into several distinct categories:
▪Advertising material
▪Promotional brochures - overview
▪Promotional brochures - comprehensive
▪Sales oriented information
▪Service oriented information
▪Machine tool manuals
▪Control manuals
▪Parameters manuals
▪Training material with examples
▪Information specific to the CNC machine
How does all this information that may or may not be included in such diverse groups assist the CNC programmer during programming or the CNC operator during part setup and machining? The answer is ‘selectivity’.
Both CNC programmers and operators need only a very small portion of the overall information in the documentation provided by the control or machine manufacturers. This chapter tries to identify what data and other information are important to the CNC operator working at the machine, and to some extent, to the CNC programmer as well.
No specific machine specifications have been used. All information has been adapted from actual machine tools and is representative of the important features that directly affect CNC programming and CNC machining.
Every manufacturer of CNC machines provides the potential buyer with descriptions of their products, for three reasons - sales, information, and training. Sales definitely dominate. Machine specifications are a collection of data regarding a particular machine tool, without the control system. Control unit specifications, on the other hand, provide information about the control itself.
The following sections will concentrate on the three major groups of metal-cutting CNC machine tools:
| ▪ | Vertical Machining Centers | VMC |
| ▪ | Horizontal Machining Centers | HMC |
| ▪ | Lathes and Turning Centers |
Each group will cover specifications that are common to all machines, such as maximum and minimum axis motion or the range of spindle speeds. Each group will also cover specifications that are unique to that particular group of machines, such as indexing axis for horizontal machining centers.
In all examples, only those features that directly affect the work of CNC programmer and/or CNC machine operator will be described.
To make the specifications easier to read, the data will be collected in the form of tables.
This group of machining centers is often identified by the abbreviation VMC - Vertical Machining Center. VMC is the most widely used machine group in industry and many models, sizes and configurations are available to the end users.
Vertical machining centers are designed mainly for machining as the XY motions at a given depth. This is called 2-1/2 axis machining. Most of these machines also allow simultaneous XYZ motions. This feature is called 3-axis machining. Because of their design, cutting on sides is limited, unless special attachments are used.
For the CNC programmer, all features are equally important. For the CNC operator, some features are more important than others.
This group of machining centers is often identified by the abbreviation HMC - Horizontal Machining Center.
Only basic data for a 2-axes CNC lathe are included.
While the traditional and standard workhorse two-axis CNC lathe has been greatly improved by additional features, such as extra axes, sub-spindle, milling attachments, live tools, etc., the most important specifications still apply, regardless of the innovations.
The following tables contain typical control specifications of Fanuc CNC system and are based on the 0i, 21i and 18i models. Keep in mind that control specifications generally show the maximum capabilities which are not always present for a particular machine tool.
Most of the specifications listed are common to both milling and turning controls, although each control type has features specific to the particular machine tool.
Use the tables as general reference only and consult machine documentation for exact specifications.
| Programmable axes | 3 - X, Y, Z 4 - X, Y, Z, B 2 - X, Z (turning) |
| Simultaneously controlled axes | 3 or 4 |
| Least input increment | 0.001mm 0.0001 inch 0.001 degree |
| Max. command value | ±99999.999 mm ±9999.9999 in |
| Fine acceleration & deceleration control | Standard |
| Inch-Metric conversion | G20 (imperial) G21 (metric) |
| Interlock | All axes |
| Machine lock | All axes / Z-axis |
| Emergency Stop | Standard |
| Overt ravel | Standard |
| Stored stroke check 1 | Standard |
| Mirror image (setting) | Each axis |
| Programmable mirror Image XY axes | M-functions |
| Backlash compensation | Standard |
| Pitch error compensation | Standard |
| Automatic operation | Memory |
| MDI operation | Standard |
| DNC operation | Reader-Puncher interface required |
| DNC operation with memory card | PCMCIA card attachment required |
| Program number search | Standard |
| Sequence number search | Standard |
| Buffer register | Standard |
| Dry run | Standard |
| Single block | Standard |
| JOG feed | Standard |
| Manual reference position return | Standard |
| Manual handle feedrate | x1, x10, x100 |
| Z Axis neglect | Standard |
| Positioning | G00 |
| Exact Stop Mode | G61 |
| Exact Stop | G09 |
| Linear Interpolation | G01 |
| Circular interpolation | G02 (CW) - G03 (CCW) (multi-quadrant standard) |
| Dwell function | G04 |
| Skip function | G31 |
| Reference position return | G28 |
| Reference position return check | G27 |
| 2nd reference position return | G30 |
| Polar coordination interpolation | Optional |
| Cylindrical interpolation | Optional |
| Helical interpolation | Optional |
| Thread cutting | G32, G90, G76 (turning only) |
| Rapid traverse rate | Standard |
| Rapid override | F0, 25%, 50%, 100% |
| Feedrate per minute | G94 |
| Cutting feedrate clamp | Standard |
| Automatic acceleration and deceleration | Rapid traverse = linear Cutting feed = exponential |
| Feedrate override | 0-150% or 0-200% (10% incr.) |
| Jog override | 0-100% |
| Feedhold | Standard |
| Auxiliary function lock | Standard |
| High speed MST interface | Standard |
| Spindle speed function | Standard |
| Spindle override | 50 - 120% |
| Spindle orientation | M19 |
| M-code function | 3 digits |
| S-code function | 5 digits |
| T-code function | 3 digits |
| Rigid tapping | Standard or Optional |
| Tool offset pairs | ±6-digit 32 pairs |
| Tool length offset | G43, G44, G49 |
| Cutter radius offset Type C | G40, G41, G42 |
| Maximum number of tool offsets | 400 sets (0i and 21i) 999 sets (18i) |
| Direct input of offset value | Standard |
| EIA- ISO automatic recognition | Standard |
| Label skip and Parity check | Standard |
| Control In / Out (comments) | ( ) |
| Optional block skip | / |
| Maximum dimensional input | ±8 digits |
| Program number | O (4 digits) |
| Sequence number | N (5 digits) |
| Absolute programming Incremental programming | G90 (XZ for turning) G91 (UW for turning) |
| Decimal point input | Standard |
| Calculator type input | Available |
| Plane selection | G17, G18, G19 |
| Rotary axis designation | Standard |
| Coordinate system setting | Standard |
| Auto coordinate system setting | Standard |
| Work coordinate system | G52, G53, G54-G59 |
| Manual absolute ON and OFF | Standard |
| Subprogram call | M98 - 4 nested levels |
| Circular interpolation with R | Standard |
| Program format | FANUC |
| Program stop functions Program end functions | M00 - M01 M02 - M30 |
| Reset | Standard |
| Programmable data input | G10, G11 |
| Custom Macro B | G65 (option) |
| Fixed cycles | G73, G74, G76G80 - G89G98, G99 |
| Multiple repetitive cycles (turning controls only) | G70, G71, G72, G73, G74, G75, G76 |
| Corner rounding (turning only) | Standard |
| Program storage capacity (max.) | 640 m (0i / 21i) 1280m (18i) |
| Maximum number of registered programs | 400 (0i / 21i) 1000 (18i) |
| Program editing | Standard |
| Program protection | Standard |
| Background editing | Standard |
| Status and current position | Standard |
| Program name | 31 characters max. |
| Parameter setting and display | Standard |
| Self diagnosis function | Standard |
| Alarm and alarm history | Standard |
| Operation history display | Standard |
| Help function | Standard |
| Run time and parts count | Standard |
| Actual cutting feedrate display | Standard |
| Display of S and T code | Standard (all screens) |
| Servo setting screen | Standard |
| Multi-language display | English (default) |
| Spindle speed indicator | Standard |
| Spindle load indicator | Standard |
| Data protection key | Standard |
| Graphic function | Standard |
| Clock function | Standard |
| Dynamic graphic display | Standard |
| Display unit - Color LCD | 8.4" (0i) 10.4" (21i / 18i) |
| Reader / Puncher Interface | RS-232 interface |
| Memory card interface | Standard |
| External part number search | 9999 |
Only some software options are listed in the table:
| Additional work coordinate systems | 48 sets or 300 sets |
| Extra custom macro common variables | up to 999 |
| Tool life management | |
| Additional tool life management sets | 512 |
| Automatic corner override | |
| Automatic corner deceleration | |
| Coordinate system rotation | |
| Feedrate clamp by arc radius | |
| Hypothetical axis interpolation | |
| Custom macro interruption | |
| Jerk control | |
| Polar coordinate interpolation | |
| Program restart | |
| Increment system multiplied by 1/10 | 0.0001 mm 0.00001 inch |
| Scaling function | G50, G51 |
| Small diameter peck drilling cycle | |
| Smooth interpolation | |
| Circular threading | |
| 3D coordinate conversion | |
| 3D cutter radius offset | |
| Load monitoring | |
| Position compensation (for backward compatibility only) | G45-G48 |
| Tool retract and recover |
