Читать книгу The English Language - R. G. Latham - Страница 6

Оглавление

PART I.
GENERAL ETHNOLOGICAL RELATIONS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.
CHAPTER I.
GERMANIC ORIGIN OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE—DATE.
SECTION	PAGE
1. English not originally British	1
2. Germanic in origin	2
3-10. Accredited details of the different immigrations from Germany into Britain	2-4
10-12. Accredited relations of the Jutes, Angles, and Saxons to each other as Germans	4
13. Criticism of evidence	5
Extract from Mr. Kemble	6
14. Inference	9
CHAPTER II.
GERMANIC ORIGIN OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE—THE IMMIGRANT TRIBES AND THEIR RELATION TO EACH OTHER.
15-20. The Jute immigration doubtful	10-12
22. Difficulties in identifying the Saxons	13
23. Difficulties in identifying the Angles	13
25-29. Populations with the greatest à priori likelihood of having immigrated	14, 15
26. Menapians	15
27. Batavians	15
28. Frisians	15
29. Chauci	15
30. Inference	16
31-34. Saxons and Nordalbingians	16, 17
35-50. Populations, whereof the continental relation help us in fixing the original country of the Angles and Saxons	17-21
36. Germans of the Middle Rhine	17
Franks	18
Salians	18
Chamavi	18
37. Thuringians	18
38. Catti	18
39. Geographical conditions of the Saxon Area	18
40. Its Eastern limit	19
41-50. Slavonian frontier	20, 21
41. ,, Polabi	20
42. ,, Wagrians	20
43. ,, Obotriti	20
44. ,, Lini	20
45. ,, Warnabi	21
46. ,, Morizani	21
47. ,, Doxani	21
48. ,, Hevelli	21
49. ,, Slavonians of Altmark	21
50. ,, Sorabians	21
51. Saxon area	21
CHAPTER III.
OF THE DIALECTS OF THE SAXON AREA AND OF THE SO-CALLED OLD SAXON.
52, 53. Extent and frontier	23
54-62. Anglo-Saxon and Old Saxon	23-25
63. Old-Saxon data	25
64. Specimen	26
CHAPTER IV.
AFFINITIES OF THE ENGLISH WITH THE LANGUAGES OF GERMANY AND SCANDINAVIA.
65. General affinities of the English language	28
67. The term Gothic	28
69. Scandinavian branch	28
70. Teutonic branch	31
71. Mœso-Gothic	31
73. Origin of the Mœso-Goths	32
76. Name not Germanic	33
77. Old High German	35
78. Low Germanic division	36
79. Frisian	36
81. Old Frisian	37
82. Platt-Deutsch	38
83. Anglo-Saxon and Icelandic compound	38
84. Scandinavian article	40
88. Scandinavian verb	44
91. Declension in -n	45
92. Difference between languages of the same division	46
93. Weak and strong nouns	46
Mœso-Gothic inflections	47
94. Old Frisian and Anglo-Saxon	50
98. The term German	56
99. The term Dutch	57
100. The term Teutonic	58
101. The term Anglo-Saxon	59
102. Icelandic, Old Norse	59
CHAPTER V.
ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE—GERMANIC ELEMENTS.
106. The Angles	62
109. Extract from Tacitus	63
,, Ptolemy	63
110. Extracts connecting them with the inhabitants of the Cimbric Chersonesus	64
111. The district called Angle	65
113. Inferences and remarks	65
114. What were the Langobardi with whom the Angles were connected by Tacitus?	66
115. What were the Suevi, &c.	66
116. What were the Werini, &c.	67
117. What were the Thuringians, &c.	67
121. Difficulties respecting the Angles	68
123-128. Patronymic forms, and the criticism based on them	68-72
129-131. Probably German immigrants not Anglo-Saxon	72, 73
CHAPTER VI.
THE CELTIC STOCK OF LANGUAGES, AND THEIR RELATIONS TO THE ENGLISH.
132. Cambrian Celtic	74
133. Gaelic Celtic	77
136. Structure of Celtic tongues	79-83
138. The Celtic of Gaul	84
139. The Pictish	84
CHAPTER VII.
THE ANGLO-NORMAN AND THE LANGUAGES OF THE CLASSICAL STOCK.
140. The Classical languages	86
141. Extension of the Roman language	86
142. The divisions	87
Specimen of the Romanese	88
Specimen of the Wallachian	88
143. French dialects	89
Oath of Ludwig	90
144. Norman-French	91
CHAPTER VIII.
THE POSITION OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE AS INDO-EUROPEAN.
147. The term Indo-European	94
148. Is the Celtic Indo-European?	95
————
PART II.
HISTORY AND ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.
CHAPTER I.
HISTORICAL AND LOGICAL ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.
149. Celtic elements	97
150. Latin of the First Period	98
151. Anglo-Saxon	98
152. Danish or Norse	98
153. Roman of the Second Period	100
154. Anglo-Norman	101
155. Indirect Scandinavian	101
156. Latin of the Third Period	101
157. Greek elements	102
158. Classical elements	102
159. Latin words	103
160. Greek elements	104
161, 162. Miscellaneous elements	105
163, 164. Direct and ultimate origin of words	106, 107
165. Distinction	107
166-168. Words of foreign simulating a vernacular origin	107-109
169-171. Hybridism	109, 110
172. Incompletion of radical	110
173. Historical and logical analysis	111
CHAPTER II.
THE RELATION OF THE ENGLISH TO THE ANGLO-SAXON AND THE STAGES OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE.
174. Ancient and modern languages	112
175. English and Anglo-Saxon compared	113
176. Semi-Saxon stage	117
177-179. Old English stage	119, 122
180. Middle English	122
181. Present tendencies of the English	123
182. Speculative question	123
CHAPTER III.
THE LOWLAND SCOTCH.
183-188. Lowland Scotch	124-127
189. Extracts	127
190. Points of difference with the English	130
CHAPTER IV.
ON CERTAIN UNDETERMINED AND FICTITIOUS LANGUAGES OF GREAT BRITAIN.
191, 192. The Belgæ	132-135
193. Caledonians, Iberians	135
194. Supposed affinities of the Irish	135
Extract from Plautus	136
195. Hypothesis of a Finnic race	139
————
PART III.
SOUNDS, LETTERS, PRONUNCIATION, AND SPELLING.
CHAPTER I.
GENERAL NATURE OF ARTICULATE SOUNDS.
196. Preliminary remarks	141
197. Vowels and consonants	143
198. Divisions of articulate sounds	143
199. Explanation of terms	143
Sharp and flat	143
Continuous and explosive	144
200. General statements	144
201. H no articulation	144
CHAPTER II.
SYSTEM OF ARTICULATE SOUNDS.
202. System of vowels	145
é fermé, ó chiuso, ü German	145
203. System of mutes	145
Lenes and aspirates	146
204. Affinities of the liquids	147
205. Diphthongs	147
206. Compound sibilants	148
207. Ng	148
208-210. Further explanation of terms	148-150
211. System of vowels	150
212. System of mutes	150
213. Varieties	150
214. Connection in phonetics	151
CHAPTER III.
ON CERTAIN COMBINATIONS OF ARTICULATE SOUNDS.
215. Unpronounceable combinations	152
216. Unstable combinations	153
217. Effect of y	153
218, 219. Evolution of new sounds	153, 154
220. Value of a sufficient system of sounds	154
221. Double consonants rare	154
222. Reduplications of consonants rare	155
223. True aspirates rare	155
CHAPTER IV.
EUPHONY; THE PERMUTATION AND TRANSITION OF LETTERS.
224. Euphonic change exhibited	157
225. The rationale of it	157
226. The combinations -mt, -nt	158
227. The combination -pth	158
228. Accommodation of vowels	158
229. Permutation of letters	159
230. Transition of letters	160
CHAPTER V.
ON THE FORMATION OF SYLLABLES.
231. Distribution of consonants between two syllables	161
CHAPTER VI.
ON QUANTITY.
232. Long and short	164
233. How far coincident with independent and dependent	164
234. Length of vowels and length of syllables	165
CHAPTER VII.
ON ACCENT.
235. Accent	167
236. How far accent always on the root	168
237. Verbal accent and logical accent	168
238. Effect of accent on orthography	169
239. Accent and quantity not the same	170
CHAPTER VIII.
THE PRINCIPLES OF ORTHOEPY.
240. Meaning of the word orthoepy	172
241. Classification of errors in pronunciation	172
242-244. Causes of erroneous enunciation	172-175
245. Appreciation of standards of orthoepy	175
246. Principles of critical orthoepy	176
CHAPTER IX.
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF ORTHOGRAPHY.
247. Province of orthography	178
248. Imperfections of alphabets	178
249. Applications of alphabets	180
250. Changes of sound, and original false spelling	181
251. Theory of a perfect alphabet	181
252. Sounds and letters in English	182
253. Certain conventional modes of spelling	187
254. The inconvenience of them	189
255. Criticism upon the details of the English orthography	189-200
CHAPTER X.
HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE ENGLISH ALPHABET.
256. Bearings of the question	200
257. Phœnician Period	200
258, 259. Greek Period	201-203
260-262. Latin Period	203-205
263. The Mœso-Gothic alphabet	205
264. The Anglo-Saxon alphabet	205
265. The Anglo-Norman Period	207
266. Extract from the Ormulum	208
267. The Runes	209
268. The order of the alphabet	210
269. Parallel and equivalent orthographies	213
————
PART IV.
ETYMOLOGY.
CHAPTER I.
ON THE PROVINCE OF ETYMOLOGY.
270. Meaning of the term etymology	214
CHAPTER II.
ON GENDER.
271. Latin genders	217
272. Words like he-goat	217
273. Words like genitrix	217
274. Words like domina	218
275. Sex	219
276. True Genders in English	219
277. Neuters in -t	220
278. Personification	220

Подняться наверх