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An AN domain consists of equipment and systems that are responsible for radio frequency‐related transmission and reception in one or more cells to or from the UE or mobile device (MS). Across the different mobile communications networks, ANs are known as follows:

 Radio Access Network (RAN) in the case of the GSM system.

 Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN) in the case of the UMTS system.

 Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E‐UTRAN) in the case of the LTE system.

 Next‐Generation Radio Access Network (NG‐RAN) in the case of the 5G system.

Though the above ANs are responsible for radio frequency resource allocation and communication path control in general, they perform various functions differently depending on the radio access technology (RAT) being used. The GSM RAN and UMTS UTRAN perform both the CS and PS switched network functions; the LTE E‐UTRAN or 5G NG‐RAN performs PS network functions only.