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In Section 2.2, the network domains of a typical mobile communications network have been introduced. Apart from these, there are several other aspects of a mobile communications network that enable network operators to run their network smoothly. Similar to any other systems engineering, a mobile communications network is also an interdisciplinary system that provides various management functions in realizing a successful network while enabling and offering various communications services to subscribers. At a high level, the essential and general systems engineering aspect of each of the mobile communications systems and networks based on the GSM, UMTS, LTE, and 5G systems can be divided into different management areas, as shown in Figure 2.14. These system engineering aspects span across the AN, the core network, and beyond.