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Figure 2.7 illustrates, in general, an end‐to‐end information flow starting from the MS/UE to the external network to offer communication services such as the voice, data, and multimedia contents in the case of a GSM, UMTS, LTE, or 5G network. The same figure can be used to illustrate the end‐to‐end information flow by replacing the RAN and CN elements of the respective communication systems, i.e. GSM, UMTS, LTE, and 5G systems.

In Figure 2.7, observe the extent of the dotted as well as the bold and solid line.

 The dotted line terminates between the MS and the RAN. This is the radio frequency signaling information flow path between the MS and the RAN, which facilitates establishing and access dedicated network resources by the MS.

 The dark solid and bold line terminates between the MS/UE and core network via the RAN. This is the actual user data/traffic information flow path between the MS and the CN, en route to an external network.

In a cellular system, radio signaling must be established prior to a user can start using various services like voice and data. So, a data/traffic path has been shown on top of the signaling path in Figure 2.7.

Figure 2.7 Illustration of end‐to‐end flow of information in a mobile communication network.