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ROCOF is influenced by the following factors [9]:

1 Size of the contingency, i.e. amount of the lost generation or magnitude of power over a major tie line (e.g. HVDC line) from neighboring interconnections or load (for overfrequency events).

2 Total system inertia contributed by synchronous machines (synchronous generators, synchronous condensers, and synchronous motors).

3 Magnitude and the speed of energy injected from generating resources subsequent to contingency.

4 Sensitivity of loads to change in system frequency.

5 Incremental losses in the bulk power system due to modification in power flows after the contingency.

Factors (1), (2), and (3) have a more significant contribution to ROCOF among all the above factors.