Читать книгу Immunology - Richard Coico - Страница 4

1 Chapter 1Figure 1.1. Self‐renewing hematopoietic stem cells differentiate into lympho...Figure 1.2. Clonal selection theory of B cells leading to antibody formation...Figure 1.3. Typical antibody molecule composed of two heavy (H) and two ligh...Figure 1.4. Antigen receptors expressed as transmembrane molecules on B and ...

2 Chapter 2Figure 2.1. Lymphoid fluid draining interstitial spaces.Figure 2.2. Distribution of lymphoid tissues in the body.Figure 2.3. (A) Cellular organization of the thymus.(B) Section of an ad...Figure 2.4. (A) Overall and section views of the spleen. (B) Section of sple...Figure 2.5. (A) Section of lymph node. Arrows show flow of lymph and lymphoc...Figure 2.6. Cells derived from common lymphoid progenitors (CLPs) include in...Figure 2.7. Antibody molecule showing transmembrane portion traversing the B...Figure 2.8. B cell with BCR complex consisting of the four‐chain immunoglobu...Figure 2.9. T‐cell‐dependent antigen activation of B cells. The antigen stim...Figure 2.10. The TCR/CD3 complex. The α and β chains of the TCR are associat...Figure 2.11. CTL killing of target cells. CTLs interact in a cognate fashion...Figure 2.12. Cytokine‐promoted differentiation of naïve CD4⁺ T cells into T_HFigure 2.13. Scanning electron micrograph of macrophage with ruffled membran...Figure 2.14. Circulation of lymph and fate of antigen following penetration ...

3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1. Skin and other epithelial barriers to infection. In addition to ...Figure 3.2. Innate lymphoid cells. ILCs are derived from precursor cells tha...Figure 3.3. NK cell inhibitory receptors and killing.Figure 3.4. Comparison of specificity and cellular distribution of receptors...Figure 3.5. Pattern‐recognition receptors called TLRs binding to molecules w...Figure 3.6. Binding of pathogen‐associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) to the...Figure 3.7. The three complement activation pathways: classical, alternative...Figure 3.8. Endocytosis and phagocytosis by phagocytes.Figure 3.9. Leukocyte adhesion to endothelium leads to their adhesion, activ...Figure 3.10. The acute phase response stimulated by cytokines produced by in...Figure 3.11. Adhesion molecules involved in leukocyte tethering, rolling, an...

4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1. Summary of classical, lectin, and alternative complement activat...Figure 4.2. Early steps in activation of classical, lectin, and alternative ...Figure 4.3. Cleavage of C3 by C3 convertase and C5 by C5 convertase. (A) Cla...Figure 4.4. Formation of membrane attack complex (MAC). Late‐stage complemen...Figure 4.5. Regulators of C3 convertases in (A) classical pathway and (B) al...Figure 4.6. Major functions of complement: (A) production of opsonins; (B) p...Figure 4.7. Other key functions of complement: enhancement of B‐cell respons...

5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1. Levels of protein organizational structure. The primary structur...Figure 5.2. The quarternary structure of proteins results from the associati...Figure 5.3. Example of antigen (sperm whale myoglobin) containing five linea...Figure 5.4. Antigen showing amino acid residues (circles), which form a nons...Figure 5.5. Structure of a MHC class I molecule (ribbon diagram) with antige...Figure 5.6. Some possible antigenic structures containing single and multipl...

6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 Electrophoretic mobility of serum proteins obtained from a normal...Figure 6.2 Proteolytic digestion of immunoglobulin using papain and pepsin....Figure 6.3 Schematic representation of an immunoglobulin molecule showing im...Figure 6.4 Variability of amino acids representing the N‐terminal residues o...Figure 6.5 A schematic representation of the complementarity between an epit...Figure 6.6 A representation of how an antibody of a given specificity (Ab) c...Figure 6.7 Two anti‐idiotypic antibodies to Ab1. (A) The anti‐idiotypic anti...Figure 6.8 Different types of immunoglobulin variation.Figure 6.9 Structures of the five major classes of secreted antibody. Light ...Figure 6.10 Recycling of IgG utilizing the protector receptor (FcRp). Circul...Figure 6.11 A diagrammatic representation of phagocytosis of a particle coat...Figure 6.12 The kinetics of an antibody response.Figure 6.13 Transcytosis of dimeric IgA across epithelia. Plasma cells in cl...Figure 6.14 Representative members of the immunoglobulin superfamily. The im...Figure 6.15 Reactions between antibody or antibody fragments and antigens or...Figure 6.16 A representation of the antiimmunoglobulin (Coombs) test.Figure 6.17 A representation of the precipitin reaction.Figure 6.18 Gel diffusion by antibodies and a single antigen (A) and antibod...Figure 6.19 Radial diffusion. A, B, C, D, and E represent known concentratio...Figure 6.20 Patterns of immunoelectrophoresis of serum proteins.Figure 6.21 Western blots of serum samples from two HIV‐infected individuals...

7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1. Prototypical gene that codes for a transmembrane protein: steps ...Figure 7.2. Prototypical B cell transmembrane immunoglobulin and associated ...Figure 7.3. Gene rearrangement and subsequent steps in synthesis of a κ λ ch...Figure 7.4. Involvement of V(D)J recombinase in rearrangement of DNA coding ...Figure 7.5. Gene rearrangements and subsequent steps in the synthesis of hum...Figure 7.6. Class switch recombination. S = switch region, upstream of each ...Figure 7.7. Somatic gene conversion generates diversity in the Ig genes of s...Figure 7.8. The αβ TCR, showing V and C regions and the antigen‐binding site...Figure 7.9. Structure of the αβ TCR (ribbon diagram) showing Vα and Cα, and ...Figure 7.10. Interaction of the complementarity‐determining regions (CDRs) o...Figure 7.11. The TCR complex; α and β antigen‐binding chains with associated...Figure 7.12. TCR co‐receptors and their interaction with MHC molecules expre...Figure 7.13 Organization of human α, β, γ, and δ genes coding for TCR chains...

8 Chapter 8Figure 8.1. The role of MHC in antigen presentation to T cells. Protein anti...Figure 8.2 Interaction of an MHC molecule expressed on the surface of a host...Figure 8.3. Cells expressing MHC class I interact with CD8⁺ T cells, which k...Figure 8.4. Simplified depiction of the human MHC, HLA, showing genes coding...Figure 8.5. Different depictions of an MHC class I molecule. (A) Cartoon of ...Figure 8.6. Peptide bound in the MHC class I molecule peptide‐binding groove...Figure 8.7. Different depictions of an MHC class II molecule. (A) Cartoon of...Figure 8.8. Peptide bound in MHC class II molecule peptide‐binding groove in...Figure 8.9. Processing of exogenous antigen in MHC class II pathway (CLIP = ...Figure 8.10. Selective binding of processed peptides by different MHC molecu...Figure 8.11. Processing of endogenous antigen in MHC class I pathway.Figure 8.12. Cross‐presentation. A dendritic cell takes up an exogenous anti...Figure 8.13. Interaction of TCRs with nonpeptide antigens. (A) Superantigens...Figure 8.14. HLA genes are passed on as a unit from parent to child. Because...Figure 8.15. Simplified depiction of the mouse MHC, H‐2, showing regions and...

9 Chapter 9Figure 9.1. Stages in B‐cell differentiation. Dashed lines on the pre‐B cell...Figure 9.2. The pre‐B‐cell receptor (pre‐BCR) (A) and B‐cell receptor (BCR) ...Figure 9.3. Alternative fates of an immature B cell interacting with self‐an...Figure 9.4. Interaction of antigen with an antigen‐specific B and CD4⁺ helpe...Figure 9.5. Key events in the germinal center: somatic hypermutation, class ...Figure 9.6. IgA antibody synthesis in GALT showing inductive (Peyer’s patch)...Figure 9.7. Important molecules expressed at the surface of B cells. See tex...Figure 9.8. Enhancement of activation via the B‐cell co‐receptor CD19/CD21/C...Figure 9.9. Intracellular events in B‐cell activation. Orange semicircles in...Figure 9.10. Antibody feedback inhibits B‐cell activation. Simultaneous bind...

10 Chapter 10Figure 10.1. The αβ TCR, showing V and C regions and the antigen‐binding sit...Figure 10.2. Structure of the αβ TCR (ribbon diagram) showing Vα and Cα, and...Figure 10.3. Interaction of the complementarity‐determining regions (CDRs) o...Figure 10.4. The TCR complex; α and β antigen binding chains with associated...Figure 10.5. TCR co‐receptors and their interaction with MHC molecules expre...Figure 10.6. Important molecules expressed at the T‐cell surface. Hatched ba...Figure 10.7. Organization of human α, β, γ, and δ genes coding for TCR chain...Figure 10.8. Cellular organization of the thymus.Figure 10.9. Key stages in development of αβ and γδ T cells in the thymus. T...Figure 10.10. Positive selection and lineage choice. The double‐positive (DP...Figure 10.11. Negative selection. Thymocytes that have survived positive sel...Figure 10.12. Activation of the naïve T cell requires two signals. First sig...Figure 10.13. Dendritic cell maturation in response to pathogen. The immatur...Figure 10.14. Paired interactions at the surface of an APC and a CD4⁺ T cell...Figure 10.15. Intracellular events in CD4⁺ T‐cell activation. Orange semicir...Figure 10.16. Activated CD4⁺ T cell synthesizes and secretes IL‐2 and synthe...Figure 10.17. CTLA‐4 inhibits the activation signal from CD28 and sends a ne...Figure 10.18. Development and function of subsets of CD4⁺ T cells. Pathogens...Figure 10.19. The development and function of T_H1 cells. IL‐12 is synthesize...Figure 10.20. The development and function of T_H2 cells. The source of IL‐4 ...Figure 10.21. The development and function of T_H17 cells and the source of t...Figure 10.22. The development and function of iTreg cells. TGF‐β, which driv...Figure 10.23. The B cell as an antigen‐capture and antigen‐presenting cell. ...Figure 10.24. Key interactions involved in T_FH–B cell cooperation in the ger...Figure 10.25. Linked recognition. For T helper cell–B cell cooperation in an...Figure 10.26. T helper–B cell cooperation in the use of conjugate vaccines. ...Figure 10.27. Generation of virus‐specific CD8⁺ effector T cells. (A) Dendri...Figure 10.28. The two major pathways of CD8⁺ T cell killing of virus‐infecte...

11 Chapter 11Figure 11.1. Autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine properties of cytokines. Th...Figure 11.2. Differentiation of T_H1 and T_H2 cells.Figure 11.3. Steps involved in neutrophil chemotaxis and transendothelial mi...Figure 11.4. Cell membrane adhesion molecules and cytokine activation events...Figure 11.5. Schematic diagram showing the structural features of the five t...Figure 11.6. Schematic diagram showing structural features of members of the...Figure 11.7. Comparison of the two forms of IL‐2 receptors expressed on cell...Figure 11.8. Model of cytokine receptor signaling using receptor‐associated ...Figure 11.9. Soluble TNF receptors can interfere with inflammatory propertie...

12 Chapter 12Figure 12.1. Deletion as the mechanism of central tolerance in T cells. Thym...Figure 12.2. Mechanisms of central tolerance in B cells: deletion, anergy, a...Figure 12.3. Lack of co‐stimulation leads to B‐cell anergy. (A) Two signals ...Figure 12.4. Antigen recognition in the absence of co‐stimulation leads to T...Figure 12.5. Mechanisms of suppression of CD4⁺ effector T cells by Treg cell...Figure 12.6. Fas‐mediated apoptosis of T cells. The ligation of FasL to Fas ...Figure 12.7. Possible mechanisms for triggering autoimmunity. (A) Molecular ...Figure 12.8. Activation of a DNA‐specific B cell via TLR‐9 signaling. An ant...Figure 12.9. Autoantibodies specific for cell surface receptors can cause au...Figure 12.10. Typical reddish malar rash on the face of a young girl with SL...Figure 12.11. Antibody deposition in the kidney of a patient with SLE. Fluor...Figure 12.12. A goiter in a patient with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis.Figure 12.13. Light micrograph of islets of Langerhans. (A) Pancreas of a no...

13 Chapter 13Figure 13.1. (A) Electron micrograph of a normal mast cell illustrating the ...Figure 13.2. Mast cell degranulation mediated by antigen cross‐linking of Ig...Figure 13.3. Induction of mast cell degranulation.Figure 13.4. Mediators released during activation of mast cells.Figure 13.5. Late‐phase reaction of type I IgE‐mediated hypersensitivity sho...Figure 13.6. Overview of induction and effector mechanisms in type I hyperse...Figure 13.7. The wheal and flare reaction (atopic urticaria).Figure 13.8. The destruction of a worm by eosinophils that have migrated to ...Figure 13.9. Electron micrograph (×6000) of eosinophils (E) adhering to an a...

14 Chapter 14Figure 14.1. Schematic illustration of three different mechanisms of antibod...Figure 14.2. Schematic illustration of the three sequential phases in the in...Figure 14.3. Ribbon‐like deposit of antibody along the basement membrane rev...Figure 14.4. “Lumpy‐bumpy” staining pattern of fluorescent antibody specific...Figure 14.5. Type III hypersensitivity Arthus reaction. (A) Gross appearance...

15 Chapter 15Figure 15.1. The DTH reaction. Stage of sensitization by antigen involves pr...Figure 15.2. The effect of IFN‐γ on peritoneal macrophages. (A) Normal macro...Figure 15.3. (A) Type IV contact sensitivity reaction: gross appearance of r...Figure 15.4. (A) Type IV DTH reaction (tuberculin reaction): gross appearanc...

16 Chapter 16Figure 16.1. Sites of defective lymphopoietic development associated with pr...Figure 16.2. T⁻B⁺ subgroup. (A) When this chain is missing, cytokine r...Figure 16.3. Missing cell membrane determinants required for normal T‐cell–A...Figure 16.4. Deficiencies of molecules (shown with dashed lines) involved in...Figure 16.5. (A) Defects in cell adhesion disrupt the ability of leukocytes ...Figure 16.6. Complement cascade showing that deficiencies in early phase com...Figure 16.7. Structure of HIV‐1 showing two identical RNA strands (viral gen...Figure 16.8. The genes and proteins of HIV‐1. The HIV‐1 RNA genome is flanke...Figure 16.9. Correlation of B‐cell development with B‐cell malignancies.Figure 16.10. Some B‐cell neoplasms associated with translocations of genes ...Figure 16.11. Section through normal lymph node showing sites that become in...Figure 16.12. NF‐κB signaling pathways in B cells originating by stimulation...Figure 16.13. Correlation of T‐cell development with T‐cell malignancies.

17 Chapter 17Figure 17.1. Situations of tissue transplantation.Figure 17.2. Direct and indirect recognition of alloantigens in grafted orga...Figure 17.3. Allograft activation of multiple CD4+ T cells leading to graft ...

18 Chapter 18Figure 18.2. Tumor infiltrating lymph node just within the lymph node capsul...Figure 18.1. Seminoma tumor (hematoxylin & eosin stain). Fibrous bands separ...Figure 18.3. A scanning electron micrograph showing an activated macrophage ...Figure 18.4. Interacting molecules on the surface of antigen‐presenting cell...Figure 18.5. General schema for using the adoptive transfer of naturally occ...Figure 18.6. CTLA4 and PD‐1 inhibition. Mechanism of CTLA‐4 and PD‐1 blockad...Figure 18.7. Generations of CAR‐T cells. All use scFv‐based receptor. First ...

19 Chapter 19Figure 19.1. Parabolic curve of the damage‐response framework. The y axis de...Figure 19.2. Potential outcomes of the interaction between a host and a micr...Figure 19.3. The relationship between the primary and secondary immune respo...Figure 19.4. Concentration of immunoglobulin in the serum during human devel...Figure 19.5. Serum concentration of human and equine IgG antitoxin following...Figure 19.6. The fate of human and equine IgG following administration into ...

20 Chapter 20Figure 20.1. Amount of label bound to antibody after incubation of constant ...Figure 20.2. Radioimmunoassay, based on the competition of nonlabeled and la...Figure 20.3. A representative ELISA using a well coated directly with antige...Figure 20.4. A schematic representation of a fluorescence‐activated cell sor...Figure 20.5. A schematic representation of the production of monoclonal anti...Figure 20.6. Assessment of apoptosis using a TUNEL assay.Figure 20.7. Tunel apoptosis assay. Cervical cancer cells (HeLA) grown in ce...Figure 20.8. A general procedure for producing transgenic mice.Figure 20.9. Microarray assay comparing samples of mRNA from lymphoid tumor ...