Survivors: The Animals and Plants that Time has Left Behind

Survivors: The Animals and Plants that Time has Left Behind
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This ebook edition does not include illustrations.An awe-inspiring journey through the eons and across the globe, in search of visible traces of evolution in the living creatures which have survived from earlier times and whose stories speak to us of seminal events in the history of life.The history of life on Earth is far older – and far odder – than many of us realise. In ‘Survivors’, acclaimed author Richard Fortey traces this history not through fossil records, but in the living stories of organisms that have survived nearly unchanged for hundreds of millions of years and whose existence today affords us tantalising glimpses of landscapes long vanished.For evolution has not obliterated its tracks. Scattered across the globe, strange and marvellous plants and animals have survived virtually unchanged since life first began. They range from humble algal mats dating back almost two billion years to hardy musk oxen, which linger as the last vestiges of Ice Age fauna.Following in Fortey’s questing footsteps, ‘Survivors’ takes us on a fascinating journey to these ancient worlds. On a moonlit beach in Delaware where the horseshoe crab shuffles its way through a violent romance, we catch a glimpse of life 450 million years ago, shortly after it diversified on the ocean floor. Along a stretch of Australian coastline, we bear witness to the sights and sounds that would have greeted a Precambrian dawn. Finally, in the dense rainforests of New Zealand where the secretive velvet worm burrows into the rotting timber of the jungle floor, we marvel at a living fossil which has survived unchanged since before the dissolution of the Gondwana supercontinent.Written with Fortey’s customary sparkle and gusto, this wonderfully engrossing exploration of the world’s oldest flora and fauna brilliantly combines the best science writing about the origins of life with an explorer’s sense of adventure and a poet’s wonder at the natural world. Utterly compelling, eye-opening and awe-inspiring, this is a book for anyone with an interest in evolution, in nature, in the remarkable scope of geological time and our own modest interaction with it – in short, in life itself.

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Richard Fortey. Survivors: The Animals and Plants that Time has Left Behind

Survivors

Richard Fortey

Dedication

Contents

PROLOGUE

TABLE OF GEOLOGICAL PERIODS

1

Old Horseshoes

2

The Search for the Velvet Worm

3

Slimy Mounds

4

Life in Hot Water

5

An Inveterate Bunch

6

Greenery

7

Of Fishes and Hellbenders

8

Heat in the Blood

9

Islands, Ice

10

Survivors Against the Odds

EPILOGUE

Picture Section

GLOSSARY

PICTURE CREDITS

FURTHER READING

SEARCHABLE TERMS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

By the same author

Copyright

About the Publisher

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The Animals and Plants That Time Has Left Behind

Title Page

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2. A growth series of juvenile Tachypleus tridentatus, the Asian species of horseshoe crab, collected from tide strand lines in Deep Bay estuary, Hong Kong. (The scale is a 15 cm/6 in ruler.)

As for the place of the horseshoe crab in the tree of evolution, the Latin name of the horseshoe crab I saw in southern Thailand might offer a clue. Carcinoscorpius means ‘crab scorpion’, and that is what these curious creatures are: superficially crab-like relatives of the scorpions. They are the most primitive living examples of a great group of arthropods that includes all living spiders and mites as well as scorpions, and several less familiar kinds of animals. This group is referred to as chelicerates, after those special appendages – chelicerae – located on the head-shield, which they all share in one form or another. All the relatives of the horseshoe crab I have mentioned live on land. But the cradle of life was the sea, and Limulus and its relatives take us back to the far, far distant days when the land surface was barren of larger organisms.

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