Читать книгу A Comparative Vocabulary Study Guide: Spanish to English - Robert D. O'Brian - Страница 3

Introduction

This guide is alphabetical, A through Z, with each letter comprising a separate listing, further divided into three sections: words that are interchangeable between Spanish and English (same spelling and meaning); Spanish nouns, adjectives and adverbs containing easily recognizable English language meanings; and, Spanish verbs with easily recognizable English language meanings.

All Spanish words appearing in this guide are given the general meanings used in Argentina. Word pronunciations vary between spoken Spanish and English, including almost all of the interchangeable words. All listings in this guide are the compiler’s personal selections and are not intended to be all-inclusive and, English definitions often include all relevant meanings.

The guide also is useful in expanding Spanish verb infinitives into the present progressive tense – what is happening now. There are over 1,100 easily recognizable verbs appearing in the guide that can be expanded into the present progressive. As in English, there are two parts to this tense: the auxiliary “to be” and the present participle (the “ing” verbal ending). The Spanish auxiliary is “estar”. The present participles of regular verbs are formed by dropping the “ar” from the “ar” ending verbs and adding “ando” to the stem; for “ir” and “er” ending verbs add “iendo” to the stem.

Not all possible or conceivable words that could fit the guide’s objective have been listed. Only the most obvious and useful words are shown and the user is given space to augment the listings according to his or her preferences.

The signs and symbols appearing in this guide are identified as follows:

(A)= the feminine ending

(f) = feminine

(m) = masculine

(n) = noun

(adj) = adjective

(adv) = adverb

ó = or

ú = or

sthg = something

sb = somebody

s = plural

(AERO) = aeronautics

(AGRIC) = agriculture

(ANAT) = anatomical

(ARCHIT) = architecture

(ARTE) = art, artistic

(ASTROL) = astrology

(ASTRON) = astronomy

(AUTO) = automotive

(BIOL) = biology

(BOT) = botany

(CINE) = cinema

(COM) = commercial

(DEP) = sports

(DER) = legal

(ECON) = economics

(ELECTR) = electrical

(FIN) = financial

(FIS) = physics

(FOTO) = photography

(GEN) = general meaning

(GEOG) = geography

(GEOL) = geology

(GRAM) = grammar

(INFORM) = inf. technology

(LITER) = literature

(MAT) = mathematics

(MECAN) = mechanical

(MED) = medical

(METEO) = meteorological

(MIL) = military

(MUS) = music

(NAUT) = nautical

(POL) = politics

(QUIM) = chemistry

(RELIG) = religion

(TECNOL) = technology

(ZOOL) = zoology

Spanish Pronunciation Guide for English speakers

Below is a guide to the pronunciation of the letters of the Spanish alphabet:

A: as the a in father

B, v: when found at the beginning of a word or following a consonant, these are pronounced as a b. Otherwise, they have a sound which falls somewhere between the English b and v sounds.

C: before a consonant or a, o, or u, as the c in cat; before e or i as an s

CH: as the ch in church

D: as the English d except between vowels and following l or n where it is pronounced as the th in this

E: for a syllable ending in a vowel, as the e in they; for a syllable ending in a consonant, as the e in get

F: as the f in for

G: before e or i, as the Spanish j; otherwise as the g in get

H: silent

I: as i in machine

J: as an h but stronger; silent when at the end of a word

K: as the k in kilo

L: as an l in lee

LL: as the y in you. However, in Argentina it is pronounced as sh in shoe

M: as an m in mother

N: as an n; except where it appears before a v, as an m

Ñ: as the n in onion

O: for a syllable ending in a vowel, as the o in vote; for a syllable ending in a consonant, as the o in pot

P: as a p in pot

Q: as a k; always followed by a silent u

R: pronounced with a strong trill at the beginning of a word and following an l, n, or s; very little trill when at the end of a word; and medium trill in other positions

RR: strongly trilled

S: before consonants b, d, g, l, m, n, as a z; otherwise as an s

T: as a t

U: as the u in rule; silent after q and in the groups gue and gui

V: see b, v

W: usually pronounced as a v

X: when between vowels, as the x in box; before a consonant, as an s

Y: when used as a vowel, such as in the words y and voy, it is pronounced as the Spanish i. As a consonant it is pronounced as Y in yes

Z: as an s

Notes:

If the word has an accent mark, only that syllable is stressed; for words ending in a vowel, or n or s, the next to last syllable is stressed; for words ending in a consonant other than n or s the stress falls on the last syllable.

The vowels a, e, and o are "strong" vowels, i and u are "weak". Two vowels fall together the following applies:

If the word has an accent mark, then that syllable is stressed (cóncavo, enfermería); a weak + strong combination belongs to one syllable with the stress falling on the strong vowel (cauto, caliente); a weak + weak combination belongs to one syllable with the stress falling on the second vowel (construir, cuidado); and, a strong + strong combination is divided into two syllables.( aca-rre-ar, co-rre-a )

English Pronunciation Guide for Spanish speakers

Algunas letras en Inglés tienen varias formas de pronunciación. Los sonidos proporcionados en Español son sólo una aproximación.

Letra en Inglés - Sonido aproximado - Ejemplo

A = a como en arco - car

e como eco - many

(antes de consonante + e final) - ei como en peine - fate

(entre consonantes) ai como ei en peine - rain

au similar a la a de bata - cause

B = como en bomba - boy

C = (antes de a, o, u) - como en cama - cat

(antes de e, i) - como en cena - cereal

ch como en cheque - check

D = como en doble - David

dge como en ya - knowledge

E = entre “a” y “e” - thanks

e como en estar - let

i como en cinco - he, be

(final de monosílabo) - iu como en diurno - new, few

(final de la palabra) - (muda) - fine, live

(antes de t, d) - ea como i en rival - read, eat

ea como ei en rey- great

ea como e en error - sweater

(después de consonante) - ee como i en kilo - bee, see

ei como i en nido - neither

ei como ei en peine - eight

F = como en fallo - face

G = (antes de a, o, u) - como en gato - game

(antes de e, i) - entre “ch” y “y” - George

(al final de palabra) - gh se pronuncia f como en faro – laugh

gh (es muda) - ghost

H = (como en j suave) - gente, jaula - home

I = i (pero más relajada) - sister

(final de la sílaba) - ai como en vaina - hi

i como en niño - marine

ie como i en nido - field

ie como en ai en vaina - pie

J = como en ya (entre “ch” y “y”) - jaguar

K = (antes de n) - como en cama - keep

(es muda) - known

L = como en limón - limb

ll como “l” en catálogo - villa

M = como en madre - mail

N = como en nada - never

O = (entre consonantes) - a como en habla - not

(después de d, t) - u como en uso - to, do

au como en Laura - how

(final de la palabra) - o alargada “ou” - hello

(entre consonante y t final) - oa como o (pero más alargada) - coat

oo como en u en pulso - food

oo como en u en pulso (pero más relajada) – good

ou como en u en pulso – you

ou como au en Laura – round

ou como en a (pero más relajada) - tough

P = como en pobre - stop

ph como f en foca - telephone

Q = qu como en cual - quack

R = como en raro - race

S = (principio o final de sílaba) - como en siempre - same

(entre vocales) - como en zumbido - rose

(antes de ure) - ¡shhh! - sure

sh como en ¡shhh! - shoes

T = (principio o final de sílaba) - como en tarea - top, correct

(antes de ion) - ¡shhh! - condition

(antes de ure) - como en mucho - nature

(en verbos, sustantivos, etc.) - th como z en zapato - thanks

(en artículos como la, pronombres, etc.) - th como d en lad - the

U = (antes de consonante + e final) - iu como en diurno - excuse

u como en pulso (más relajada) - put

u como en pulso - attitude

a (más relajada) - under

V = como en vino - valet

W = como en huevo - weapon

(antes de o) - wh como j en jugo - who

(antes de a, i, e) - wh como w en whiskey - white, where

X = (al principio de palabra) - z como en zinc - xylophone

( cuando va entre vocales) - se pronuncia gs - exempt

(en los demás casos) - como en exacto - box

Y = (final de palabra después de consonante) - ai como en vaina - my, by

(principio de la palabra) - como en ya (muy suave) - yellow

Z = como en zumbido - zoo