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1 1. Caroline Bushdid, Marcelo O. Magnasco, Leslie B. Vosshall and Andreas Keller, ‘Humans Can Discriminate More Than 1 Trillion Olfactory Stimuli’, Science 343, 2014, pp. 1370–2.

2 2. Richard C. Gerkin and Jason B. Castro, ‘The Number of Olfactory Stimuli that Humans Can Discriminate is Still Unknown’, eLife, 7 July 2015, http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.08127; Markus Meister, ‘On the Dimensionality of Odor Space’, eLife, 7 July 2015, http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.07865

3 3. Anne-Sophie Barwich, ‘What Is So Special about Smell? Olfaction as a Model System in Neurobiology’, Postgraduate Medical Journal, November 2015, http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/postgradmedj-2015–133249

4 4. Lavi Secundo et al., ‘Individual Olfactory Perception Reveals Meaningful Nonolfactory Genetic Information’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 112(28), 14 July 2015, pp. 8750–5.

5 5. This trend can be traced back to Alain Corbin, Le Miasme et la Jonquille: l’odorat et l’imaginaire social, XVIIe–XIXe siècles. Paris: Aubier-Montaigne, 1982, published in English translation as The Foul and the Fragrant: Odor and the French Social Imagination, tr. Miriam Kochan. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1986.

6 6. Sébastien Doucet, Robert Soussignan, Paul Sagot and Benoist Schaal, ‘The Secretion of Areolar (Montgomery’s) Glands from Lactating Women Elicits Selective, Unconditional Responses in Neonates’, PLOS One 23 October 2009, http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0007579

7 7. Regulation (EC) No. 1334/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2008 on flavourings and certain food ingredients with flavouring properties for use in and on foods.

8 8. Aurélie Biniek, Odeurs et parfums aux XVIe et XVIIe siècles. Master’s dissertation, supervisor Robert Muchembled, Université de Paris-Nord, 1998.

9 9. As reported in Le Monde, 17 September 2015.

10 10. Patrice Tran Ba Huy, ‘Odorat et histoire sociale’, Communications et langages 126 (2000), pp. 84–107. See also Corbin, Foul and the Fragrant, and Annick Le Guérer, Les Pouvoirs de l’odeur. Paris: François Bourin, 1998.

11 11. Robert Mandrou, Introduction à la France moderne: essai de psychologie historique, 1500–1640. Paris: Albin Michel, 1998 (1st edn 1961), pp. 76, 81.

12 12. Rachel Herz, The Scent of Desire: Discovering our Enigmatic Sense of Smell. New York: William Morrow, 2007, pp. 32–9, 183–6. Italics in the original.

13 13. Ibid., esp. pp. 53, 84, and Patrick Süskind, Perfume: The Story of a Murderer, tr. John E. Woods. New York: Vintage, 1986.

14 14. Herz, Scent of Desire, pp. 33, 149–51; David Le Breton, Sensing the World: An Anthropology of the Senses, tr. Carmen Ruschiensky. London: Bloomsbury, 2017, pp. 134 (olfactory bubble), 140 (excrement and urine).

15 15. Gesualdo M. Zucco, Benoist Schaal, Mats Olsson and Ilona Croy, Applied Olfactory Cognition, foreword by Richard J. Stevenson. Frontiers Media, 2014, eBook, p. 15.

16 16. See Danielle Malmberg’s article in Pascal Lardellier (ed.), À fleur de peau: corps, odeurs et parfums. Paris: Belin, 2003.

17 17. Joël Candau, Mémoires et expériences olfactives: anthropologie d’un savoir-faire sensoriel. Paris: PUF, 2000, p. 85.

18 18. Richard L. Doty and E. Leslie Cameron, ‘Sex Differences and Reproductive Hormone Influences on Human Odor Perception’, Physiology and Behavior 97, 25 May 2009, pp. 213–28.

19 19. Herz, Scent of Desire, pp. 149–51.

20 20. Le Guérer, Pouvoirs de l’odeur, pp. 254–60.

21 21. Corbin, Foul and the Fragrant, pp. 249–50, quoting research by the ethnologist Yvonne Verdier on foresters in the Châtillon region of central-eastern France in the twentieth century. Modern research would certainly seek to apply Freud’s theories to female sexuality. Mauss’s theory is quoted in Lucienne A. Roubin, Le Monde des odeurs: dynamique et fonctions du champ odorant. Paris: Méridiens Klincksieck, 1989, p. 237.

22 22. Herz, Scent of Desire, pp. 135–6.

23 23. Antonio R. Damasio, Le Sentiment même de soi: corps, émotion, conscience. Paris: Odile Jacob, 1999, pp. 60, 83–5, 283.

24 24. Roubin, Monde des odeurs, pp. 186, 206, 210–11, 241, 257, 262, 269.

25 25. Lydie Bodiou and Véronique Mehl (eds.), Odeurs antiques. Paris: Les Belles Lettres, 2011, pp. 80, 173, 223, 228–9, 232–3.

26 26. Lardellier, À fleur de peau, pp. 99, 137.

27 27. Jean de Renou, Le Grand dispensaire médicinal. Contenant cinq livres des institutions pharmaceutiques. Ensemble trois livres de la Matière Médicinale. Avec une pharmacopée, ou Antidotaire fort accompli, tr. Louys de Serres. Lyon: Pierre Rigaud, 1624, pp. 32–3. Unless otherwise stated, all quotations are translated by the translator.

28 28. Jason B. Castro, Arvind Ramanathan and Chakra S. Chennubhotla, ‘Categorical Dimensions of Human Odor Descriptor Space Revealed by Non-Negative Matrix Factorization’, Plos One 18 September 2013, http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0073289

29 29. ‘Les 10 catégories d’odeurs les plus répandues’, Huffington Post 20 September 2013: http://www.huffingtonpost.fr/2013/09/20/dix-categories-odeur-les-plus-repandues_n_3960728.html