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The muscles involved here are mainly designed to elevate and tense the soft palate. In addition, during the act of swallowing these muscles close off the nasopharynx (Table 3.1).

The palatopharyngeus and palatoglossus muscles are included with the soft palate because their origin is from the palatine aponeurosis, and the control of these muscles is the same as the musculus uvulae and levator veli palatini. The palatoglossus muscle is one of the four extrinsic muscles of the tongue, the only one that is not innervated by hypoglossal nerve (cranial nerve XII), and is innervated by the pharyngeal branch of the vagus nerve (cranial nerve X) [9]. The palatopharyngeus muscle goes from the area of the palate to the pharynx. Its primary function is associated with swallowing and is also innervated by the same nerve as the palatoglossis.

Figure 3.2 Illustration of the three regions of the upper airway: N, nasopharynx; O, oropharynx; and H, hypopharynx; E, is the epiglottis.

Table 3.1 Muscles involved with the soft palate.

Muscle	Action
Levator veli palatini	Elevates the soft palate
Pulls soft palate posteriorly to close the nasopharynx
Tensor veli palatini	Pulls soft palate laterally
Musculus uvulae	Elevates the uvula
Pulls uvula laterally
Palatopharyngeus	Helps close the nasopharynx
Elevates pharynx and larynx
Palatoglossus	Elevates posterior portion of tongue
Narrows oropharyngeal isthmus during swallowing

Table 3.2 Muscles involved with the oropharynx.

Muscle	Action
Extrinsic
Genioglossus	Protracts tongue
	Depresses tongue
Hyoglossus	Depresses tongue
Styloglossus	Retracts tongue
Elevates tongue
Palatoglossus	Elevates tongue
Narrows oropharyngeal isthmus during swallowing
Intrinsic
Superior longitudinal	Shortens tongue
Curls tongue apex upward
Inferior longitudinal	Shortens tongue
Curls tongue apex downward
Transverse	Narrows tongue
Lengthens tongue
Vertical	Broadens tongue
Flattens tongue