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Further reading

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The classic papers by Whit Diffie and Martin Hellman [556] and by Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir and Len Adleman [1610] are the closest to required reading in this subject. Bruce Schneier's Applied Cryptography [1670] covers a lot of ground at a level a non-mathematician can understand, and got crypto code out there in the 1990s despite US export control laws, but is now slightly dated. Alfred Menezes, Paul van Oorshot and Scott Vanstone's Handbook of Applied Cryptography [1291] is one reference book on the mathematical detail. Katz and Lindell is the book we get our students to read for the math. It gives an introduction to the standard crypto theory plus the number theory you need for public-key crypto (including elliptic curves and index calculus) but is also dated: they don't mention GCM, for example [1025].

There are many more specialist books. The bible on differential cryptanalysis is by its inventors Eli Biham and Adi Shamir [246], while a good short tutorial on linear and differential cryptanalysis was written by Howard Heys [897]. Doug Stinson's textbook has another detailed explanation of linear cryptanalysis [1832]; and the modern theory of block ciphers can be traced through the papers in the Fast Software Encryption conference series. The original book on modes of operation is by Carl Meyer and Steve Matyas [1303]. Neal Koblitz has a good basic introduction to the mathematics behind public key cryptography [1062]; and the number field sieve is described by Arjen and Henrik Lenstra [1143]. For the practical attacks on TLS over the past twenty years, see the survey paper by Christopher Meyer and Joerg Schwenk [1304] as well as the chapter on Side Channels later in this book.

If you want to work through the mathematical detail of theoretical cryptology, there's an recent graduate textbook by Dan Boneh and Victor Shoup [288]. A less thorough but more readable introduction to randomness and algorithms is in [836]. Research at the theoretical end of cryptology is found at the FOCS, STOC, Crypto, Eurocrypt and Asiacrypt conferences.

The history of cryptology is fascinating, and so many old problems keep on recurring that anyone thinking of working with crypto should study it. The standard work is Kahn [1003]; there are also compilations of historical articles from Cryptologia [529–531] as well as several books on the history of cryptology in World War II by Kahn, Marks, Welchman and others [440, 1004, 1226, 2011]. The NSA Museum at Fort George Meade, Md., is also worth a visit, but perhaps the best is the museum at Bletchley Park in England.

Finally, no chapter that introduces public key encryption would be complete without a mention that, under the name of ‘non-secret encryption,’ it was first discovered by James Ellis in about 1969. However, as Ellis worked for GCHQ, his work remained classified. The RSA algorithm was then invented by Clifford Cocks, and also kept secret. This story is told in [626]. One effect of the secrecy was that their work was not used: although it was motivated by the expense of Army key distribution, Britain's Ministry of Defence did not start building electronic key distribution systems for its main networks until 1992. And the classified community did not pre-invent digital signatures; they remain the achievement of Whit Diffie and Martin Hellman.

Security Engineering

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