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Descriptions of Themes and Related Critical Incidents
ОглавлениеTable 1: Descriptions of categories and related critical incidents
| Category | Descriptions | Critical Incident (CI) No. |
| Power distance (Hofstede, 2017) | The extent to which less powerful members of a society people accept and expect that power is distributed unequally. People who accept that there is power inequality score high on power distance. People who have less acceptance towards power inequality score low on power distance. The distribution of power is based on the relative importance placed on age, status, social class, hierarchical position in the organisation and other societal markers. The level of inequality is determined by subordinates as much as by the leaders.Note: The critical incidents under power distance could also be viewed under the aspect of status ascribed versus status achieved (Trompenaars & Hampden-Turner, 2012). See explanations under these critical incidents. | 2, 3, 7, 9, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19, 21, 23 |
| Individualism vs communitarianism (Trompenaars & Hampden-Turner, 2012) | The extent to which people attain their self-identity by relying on their own efforts or through group membership. People who are more individualistic focus strongly on themselves as individuals. By contrast, people who are more communitarian focus strongly on the group. | 2, 4, 5, 13, 15, 16, 22 |
| Outer vs inner directed (Trompenaars & Hampden-Turner, 2012) | Inner and outer direction explains how people experience the world they are in. These orientations define the relation with nature and the environment. Some believe in controlling the environment and events around them and some believe in embracing these external realities. | 3, 4, 11, 12, 15, 16, 18, 20, 21, 24, 25 |
| Time orientation | People in a society have different styles in planning and managing their time to conduct their work and non-work activities. Some people are inclined to carry out work activities in a straight time line. Tasks are completed preferably one after the other. This is also referred to as monochronic (Hall, 1976). Others carry out numerous tasks concurrently; this is also referred to as polychronic. Time can also be viewed in long or short-term orientations and the relative importance of the past, present and future (Trompenaars & Hampden-Turner, 2012) | 9, 17, 22 |
| Expression of feelings (Trompenaars & Hampden-Turner, 2012) | The extent to which people openly express their emotions in public, either neutral or affective. | 1, 2, 6, 8, 12, 16, 20 |
| Rules and relationships (Trompenaars & Hampden-Turner, 2012) | The extent to which people place importance on rules or on the relationship with the person they are dealing with. Societies which are rule-based tend to follow contracts strictly, while societies which are relationship-based tend to renegotiate contracts. | 1, 9, 17, 22, 24, 25 |
| Context in communication (Hall, 1976) | High-context communicators express their messages implicitly, and the receiver needs to have a lot of background knowledge and observe non-verbal communication to understand the message.Low context communicators express their messages explicitly and the receiver can understand the message directly. | 1, 6, 13, 17, 19, 20, 22 |
| Developmental Model of Intercultural Sensitivity (Bennett, 2013) | For a detailed explanation of this model, please refer to the analysis of critical incident 10. | 7, 8, 10, 13, 25 |
