Читать книгу Musculoskeletal Disorders - Sean Gallagher - Страница 35

Several studies have been performed to assess the overall prevalence of shoulder pain in the general population. In general, prevalence rates tend to suggest overall prevalence rates of approximately 7–20% (Breivik, Collett, Ventafridda, & R., C., & Gallacher, D., 2005; Hasvold & Johnsen, 1993; Parsons et al., 2007; Pope, Croft, Pritchard, & Silman, 1997). In the workforce, MSDs involving the shoulder accounted for 14.9% of all work‐related MSDs in the United States in 2016, with heavy tractor‐trailer truck drivers and laborers/material movers having a greater proportion of injuries affecting the shoulder than other occupations (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2018). However, certain personal characteristics have been shown to be influential in the experience of shoulder pain, particularly sex and age. Breakdown by sex show a consistently higher prevalence of shoulder pain in females than in males. Females typically have an approximately 10% higher prevalence than that reported in males (Breivik et al., 2005; Picavet & Schouten, 2003; Treaster & Burr, 2004). Age is another significant factor, with an increased general prevalence in older individuals and a notable increase of shoulder pain prevalence in the 45–64 age‐group (Pribicevik, 2012). In addition, adolescents aged 12–18 years appear to have a greater than average shoulder pain prevalence. In 2014, 88,980 nonfatal shoulder injuries and illnesses occurred that involved days away from work (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2015).

A systematic review examining physical occupational risk factors for shoulder pain disclosed that jobs involving high force demands, highly repetitive work activities, adoption of non‐neutral shoulder postures, and exposure to vibration and duration of employment were observed to be common physical occupational risk factors (Van der Windt, Thomas, & Pope, 2000). This review also examined psychosocial factors (e.g., job dissatisfaction, lack of control at work, poor social support, and/or psychological demands); however, while certain psychophysical factors were found to be significant, these factors were assessed to be inconsistent across the studies examined. Moderate to high levels of physical demand have commonly been associated with the development of shoulder pain (Ariens et al., 2000; Bergenudd, 1987; Devereux, Vlachonikolis, & Buckle, 2002; Malchaire, Cock, & Vergracht, 2001; Miranda, Punnett, Viikari‐Juntura, Heliövaara, & Knekt, 2008). Exposure to vibration has also been implicated in the development of shoulder pain (Ariens et al., 2000; Miranda et al., 2008; Stenlund, Goldie, & Hagberg, 1993; van der Windt et al., 2000). Continuous low‐intensity muscle contractions also increase the prevalence of neck‐shoulder complaints and syndromes, including acromioclavicular syndrome (Balogh et al., 2019; Huysmans, Blatter, & Beek, 2012; Visser & van Dieen, 2006). Finally, the adoption of non‐neutral shoulder postures has been associated with shoulder outcomes in a number of studies (Larsson, Sogaard, & Rosendal, 2007; Miranda et al., 2008; Pope et al., 1997; van der Windt et al., 2000). Many studies have failed to examine potential interactions between these physical risk factors; however, Frost and Andersen (1999) provide data suggestive of an interaction between force and repetition and shoulder tendinitis.