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Seth W. Stoughton
Evaluating Police Uses of Force
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Evaluating Police Uses of Force
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Contents
List of Figures and Tables
Foreword
Introduction
Part I Standards for Evaluating Police Uses of Force
1 The Constitutional Law Standard
When Does the Constitutional Standard Apply?
Civil “Excessive Force” Litigation under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and Bivens
“Pattern and Practice” Litigation under 42 U.S.C. § 14141
Criminal Prosecutions under 18 U.S.C. §§ 241, 242, and 245
What Does the Constitutional Standard Regulate?
How Does the Constitutional Standard Apply?
Deference and the “Reasonable Officer on the Scene”
Governmental Interest
Using the
Graham
Factors to Identify Governmental Interests
The Severity of the Crime
Immediate Threat
Active Resistance and Attempts to Evade Arrest by Flight
Additional Factors
Community Caretaking
Involuntary Commitment
Proportionality
The Proportionality of Deadly Force
Graham
Factors
The Severity of the Crime
Immediate Threats, Active Resistance, and Attempts to Evade Arrest by Flight
The Nature of the Threat
Severity of the Threat
Subject Characteristics
Officer Characteristics
Encounter Characteristics
Environmental Factors
Additional Factors
Conclusion
2 The State Law Standard
When Does the State Law Standard Apply?
Criminal Law
Civil (Tort) Law
Regulatory Law
What Does the State Law Standard Regulate?
Criminal Law
Civil (Tort) Law
Regulatory Law
How Does the State Law Standard Apply?
The Relationship Between the Constitutional Standard and the State Standard
Police-Specific Authorizations and Justification Defenses
The Relevance of Assertive and Defensive Force: Applicability of Other State Laws
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