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The Bosphorus, forming the continental boundary between Asia and Europe, is an approximately thirty km long natural waterway connecting the Black Sea to the Marmara Sea. Fortifications were built on both sides of the Bosphorus starting from the Byzantine period. Rumelifeneri Fortress is an authentic example of the Bosphorus’ defense system dating back to 18th century during the Ottoman period. The fortress was built on a promontory volcanic rock near Rumelifeneri Lighthouse located at the northernmost point on the European side of the Bosphorus. (Figure 1).

The fortress has a rectangular plan with two beveled corners on the seafront with approximate dimensions of 55 m to 70 m (Karadağ 2003) (Figure 2). Stones were used as ashlar stones on faces and as rubble in the core of the casemate walls.

48Bonding timbers were used all around the walls on the springing line level of embrasure arches and 1.85 meters above this level. Arches of embrasures and the dome in the eastern tower were built with bricks measuring 34 × 34 × 3 centimeters.

Figure 1: Rumelifeneri Fortress (Url-1 2017).

Figure 2: Plan of Rumelifeneri Fortress (Eyüpgiller and Yașa 2019), the location of samples.