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The drawbacks of this approach are attributable to the quality of the data. For instance, single items are often used to measure the concepts potentially threatening construct validity. The procedure for data collection may not be standardized or applied consistently across data collectors, which has the potential for incomplete or missing information and for introducing biases (Baur, 2019).

In summary, the empirical approach is an effective and efficient (if data are already collected) way of generating an understanding of the health problem. Literature reviews and analysis of available data are more efficient, whereas the conduct of primary studies is resource and time intensive. However, the available evidence may not be relevant and applicable to the specific client population and context of interest. The experiential approach is useful in this case (Baker et al., 2018).