Читать книгу Applied Organic Chemistry - Surya K. De - Страница 15

Common Solvents in Chemistry

Solvent	Formula	MW	Boiling point (°C)	Density (g/ml)	Solubility in water (g/100 g)	Dielectric constant
Acetic acid	C₂H₄O₂	60.052	118	1.044	Miscible	6.20
Acetone	C₃H₆O	58.078	56	0.784	Miscible	21.01
Acetonitrile	C₂H₃N	41.052	81	0.785	Miscible	36.64
Benzene	C₆H₆	78.110	80	0.876	0.18	2.28
1‐Butanol	C₄H₁₀O	74.120	117	0.809	6.3	17.8
2‐Butanol	C₄H₁₀O	74.120	99	0.806	15	17.26
tert‐Butanol	C₄H₁₀O	74.12	82	0.788	Miscible	12.5
2‐Butanone	C₄H₈O	72.11	79	0.799	25.6	18.6
Carbon disulfide	CS₂	76.13	46	1.274	1.266
Carbon tetrachloride	CCl₄	153.82	76	1.594	0.08	—
Chlorobenzene	C₆H₅Cl	112.56	131	1.105	0.05	5.69
Chloroform	CHCl₃	119.38	61	1.478	0.79	4.81
Cyclohexane	C₆H₁₂	84.16	80	0.773	0.005	2.02
1,2‐Dichloroethane	C₂H₄Cl₂	98.96	83	1.245	0.86	10.42
Diethylene glycol	C₄H₁₀O₃	106.12	246	1.119	10	31.8
Diethyl ether	C₄H₁₀O	74.12	34	0.713	7.5	4.26
Diglyme	C₆H₁₄O₃	134.17	162	0.943	Miscible	7.23
1,2‐Dimethoxyethane	C₄H₁₀O₂	90.12	84	0.863	Miscible	7.3
N,N‐Dimethylacetamide (DMA)	C₄H₉NO	87.12	165	0.937	Miscible	37.8
N,N‐Dimethylformamide (DMF)	C₃H₇NO	73.09	153	0.944	Miscible	38.24
Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)	C₂H₆OS	78.03	189	1.092	25.3	47
1,4‐Dioxane	C₄H₈O₂	88.11	101	1.033	Miscible	2.21
Ethanol	C₂H₆O	46.01	78	0.786	Miscible	24.6
Ethyl acetate	C₄H₈O2	88.11	77	0.895	8.7	6
Ethylene glycol	C₂H₆O₂	62.07	195	1.115	Miscible	37.7
Glycerine	C₃H₈O₃	92.09	290	1.261	Miscible	42.5
Heptane	C₇H₁₆	100.20	98	0.684	0.01	1.92
Hexamethylphosphoramide (HMPA)	C₆H₁₈N₃OP	179.20	232	1.03	Miscible	31.3
Hexamethylphosphorous triamide (HMPT)	C₆H₁₈N₃P	163.20	150	0.898	Miscible
Hexane	C₆H₁₄	86.18	69	0.659	0.001	1.89
Methanol	CH₄O	32.04	65	0.791	Miscible	32.6
Methyl t‐butyl ether (MTBE)	C₅H₁₂O	88.15	55	0.741	5.1

Solvent	Formula	MW	Boiling point (°C)	Density (g/ml)	Solubility in water (g/100 g)	Dielectric constant
Methylene chloride	CH₂Cl₂	84.93	40	1.326	9.08	1.6
N‐Methyl‐2‐pyrrolidinone (NMP)	C₅H₉NO	99.13	202	1.033	10	32
Nitromethane	CH₃NO₂	61.04	101	1.382	9.5	35.9
Pentane	C₅H₁₂	72.15	36	0.626	0.04	1.84
Petroleum ether (ligroine)	—		30–60	0.656	—	—
1‐Propanol	C₃H₈O	60.10	97	0.803	Miscible	20.1
2‐Propanol (isopropyl alcohol)	C₃H₈O	60.10	82	0.786	Miscible	18.3
Pyridine	C₅H₅N	79.10	115	0.982	Miscible	12.3
Tetrahydrofuran (THF)	C₄H₈O	72.106	65	0.883	Soluble	7.52
Toluene	C₇H₈	92.14	110	0.867	0.05	2.38
Triethylamine	C₆H₁₅N	101.19	89	0.728	0.02	2.4
Trifluoroacetic acid	C₂HFO₂	114.023	72	1.489	Miscible	8.55
2,2,2‐Trifluoroethanol	C₂H₃F₃O	100.04	74	1.384	Miscible	8.56
Water	H₂O	18.02	100	0.998	—	78.54
Water heavy	D₂O	20.03	101	1.107	Miscible
o‐Xylene	C₈H₁₀	106.17	144	0.897	Insoluble	2.57
m‐Xylene	C₈H₁₀	106.17	139	0.868	Insoluble	2.37
p‐Xylene	C₈H₁₀	106.17	138	0.861	Insoluble	2.27

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