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2.2. FDA‐APPROVED OILS, EMULSIFIERS, AND AUXILIARY OR MISCELLANEOUS EXCIPIENTS

Оглавление

A comprehensive and non‐exhaustive list of different excipients used to make the o/w nanosized emulsions are shown in Table 2.1. Interestingly, the conventional or traditional excipients such as oils and emulsifiers are divided into two categories. The oils are classified according to their origin or source, i.e., animal, mineral, and plant. Based on the charges, the emulsifiers are majorly grouped as amphoteric, anionic, cationic, neutral, and nonionic. The emulsifiers are again separated into two groups depending on the specific activity they produce due to their charge presence. In one group, the amphoteric, anionic, neutral, and nonionic emulsifiers are gathered while the cationic emulsifier is kept alone in other group. All the emulsifiers without the cationic emulsifier is again sub‐grouped based on their solubility, whether lipid/oil or water, and hence the emulsifiers are grouped into two categories, i.e., oil soluble and water soluble. The cationic emulsifier is classified into two based on its chemical nature, i.e., carbohydrates or lipids, and hence the cationic polysaccharides and cationic lipids.

TABLE 2.1. Comprehensive and Non‐exhaustive List of Different Conventional or Traditional Excipients Used to Make the O/W Nanosized Emulsions

Excipients Selected Examples
Oils Animal origin: Lanolin, squalene (shark liver oil)
Mineral origin: Paraffin light, paraffin oil, silicone oil, vaseline
Plant origin: Arachis oil, castor oil, corn oil, glycerol monostearate, medium‐chain monoglycerides, medium‐chain triglycerides, olive oil, sesame oil, soyabean oil, etc.
Emulsifiers: Amphoteric, anionic, neutral and nonionic Oil soluble: Cholesterol, cremophor RH, phospholipids (lipoid E 80) including phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, sphingomyelin, etc.
Water soluble: Miranol C 2 M (disodium cocoamphodiacetate) Miranol MHT [(1H‐imidazolium, 4,5‐dihydro‐1‐(carboxymethyl)‐1‐(2‐hydroxyethyl)‐2‐undecyl‐, hydrogen sulfate (salt), monosodium salt)] Poloxamer [(poly(ethylene glycol)‐block‐poly(propylene glycol)‐block‐poly(ethylene glycol)] 188 and 407 Polysorbate/Tween 20 {2‐[2‐[3,4‐bis(2‐hydroxyethoxy)oxolan‐2‐yl]‐2‐(2‐hydroxyethoxy)ethoxy]ethyl dodecanoate} Polysorbate/Tween 80 {2‐[2‐[3,5‐bis(2‐hydroxyethoxy)oxolan‐2‐yl]‐2‐(2‐hydroxyethoxy)ethoxy]ethyl (E)‐octadec‐9‐enoate} Transcutol P (diethylene glycol monoethyl ether) Tyloxapol [4‐(1,1,3,3‐tetramethylbutyl)phenol polymer with formaldehyde and oxirane] TPGS (tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate)
Emulsifiers: Cationic Lipid: DMPE, DOTAP, oleylamine, stearylamine
Polysaccharide: Chitosan
Miscellaneous α‐Tocopherol, EDTA, glycerin, methylparaben, propylparaben, sorbitol, thiomersal, xylitol
Oil-in-Water Nanosized Emulsions for Drug Delivery and Targeting

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