Читать книгу Lifespan Development - Tara L. Kuther - Страница 362

Research with young children has suggested that Piaget’s tests of preoperational thinking underestimated young children. Success on Piaget’s tasks appears to depend more on the child’s language abilities than his or her actions. As we discussed earlier, to be successful at the three-mountain task, the child must not only understand how the mounds look from the other side of the table but also must be able to communicate that understanding. Appearance reality tasks require not simply an understanding of dual representation but the ability to express it. However, if the task is nonverbal, such as requiring reaching for an object rather than talking about it, even 3-year-old children can distinguish appearance from reality (Sapp, Lee, & Muir, 2000).