Читать книгу Infants and Children in Context - Tara L. Kuther - Страница 193

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The parts labelled in the illustration are as follows.

 Ovaries

 Fallopian tube

 Follicles

 Corpus luteum

 Uterus

 Uterine wall

 Cervix

 Vagina

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The parts labelled are as follows.

 Ovary

 Corpus luteum[EI1]

 Developing follicles

 Ovulation

 Fallopian tube

 Fertilization (near the head of the Fallopian tube)

 Cell division begins

 Morula (where it enters the uterus)

 Blastocyst with a noticeable inner cell mass

 Implantation

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The details of the chart are as follows.

Weeks 1 and 2

 Period of dividing zygote, implantation, and bilaminar embryo

 Not susceptible to teratogenesis

 Death of embryo and spontaneous abortion common

Weeks 3 to 8: Main embryonic period (in weeks)

 Period of major congenital anomalies

Weeks 9 to 38: Fetal period (in weeks)

 Period of functional defects and minor anomalies

Less Sensitive period:

 Neural tube defects: weeks 3 to 6

 Mental retardation: weeks 7 to 16

 T A, A S D, and V S D: third week to sixth week

 Amelia/Meromelia: weeks 4 to 5

 Cleft lip: weeks 5 and 6

 Low-set malformed ears and deafness: weeks 4 to 9

 Microphthalmia, cataract, glaucoma: weeks 4 to 8

 Enamel hypoplasia and staining: weeks 7 and 8

 Cleft palate: weeks 7 to beginning of 9

 Masculinization of female genitalia: middle of 7th week to week 9

Highly sensitive period:

 C N S: weeks 32 to 38

 Heart: end of week 6 to week 8

 Upper limb: weeks 6 to 8

 Lower limb: weeks 6 to 8

 Upper lip: weeks 7 and 8

 Ears: middle of week 9 to week 31

 Eyes: middle of week 8 to week 38

 Teeth: weeks 9 to 38

 Palate: week 9

 External genitalia: end of week 9 to week 38

Common site(s) of action of teratogens: At every stage of the development of the embryo and fetus, the vulnerable sites are the face and brain region and near the base of the pelvic region.

Note:

 T A stands for Truncus arteriosus[EI2]

 A S D stands for atrial septal defect

 V S D stands for ventricular septal defect

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The horizontal axis shows the years from 1990 to 2017 and the vertical axis shows the birth rate per 1,000 women from 1 to 200.

The details are as follows, with all values approximated.

15 to 19 years: The line starts at 60 in 1990 and drops down to 20 in 2017.

20 to 24 years: The line starts at above 100 in 1990 and drops down to 75 by 2017.

25 to 29 years: The line is almost horizontal in the region of 100.

30 to 34 years: The line starts at 80 in 1990 and ends at 100 in 2017.

35 to 39 years: The line starts at 30 in 1990 and ends at 50 in 2017.

40 to 44 years: The line starts at 5 in 1990 and rises to 11 in 2017.

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The horizontal axis shows the various age bands and the vertical axis shows the numbers from 0 to 140.

The details are presented here in a table.

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The horizontal axis shows the percent of recent mothers and the vertical axis lists the reasons given.

The details are as follows.

 Lacked money or insurance for visits: 38.7%

 Couldn’t get appointments when desired: 37.8%

 Didn’t know she was pregnant: 37.1

 Didn’t have a Medicaid card: 36.4%

 Doctor or health plan did not start as early as desired: 24.1%

 Mother was too busy: 19.7%

 Lacked transportation to clinic or doctor’s office: 13.9%

 Didn’t want anyone to know about pregnancy: 13.9%

 Could not take time off work or school: 9.8%

 Needed child care for other children: 7.9%

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The horizontal axis shows the percent of mothers and the vertical axis shows the level of maternal education.

The details are presented here in a table.

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The horizontal axis shows the percent and the vertical axis shows the different categories.

The details are presented here in a table.

Back to Figure

The details are as follows.

Image 1: Dilation

 Parts labelled are: Urinary bladder; vagina; ruptured amniotic sac; rectum

 The fetus is inside the uterus with the head fixed.

Image 2: Delivery

 Parts labelled: Placenta

 The baby’s head is pushing up the cervix.

Image 3: Expulsion of placenta

 Parts labelled: uterus; placenta; umbilical cord

 The umbilical cord is shown still attached to the placenta, which has disengaged from the uterine wall.

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The horizontal axis shows the percent of live births and the vertical axis lists the various categories.

The details are presented here in a table.