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The details of the figure are presented here in a table.

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The diagram explains “cephalocaudal” as the height between the ear and ankle of an infant, and “proximodistal” as the length between the outer part of the arms when placed against the sides of the body.

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The image on the left shows the typical brain cells of a well-nourished infant marked by extensive and clear branching.

The image on the right shows the impaired brain cells of an undernourished infant, marked by limited branching, and abnormal, shorter branches that appears like clumps.

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The horizontal axis shows the percent of households and the vertical axis shows the various categories.

The details are as follows with all values approximated from the graph.

Household competition:

 With children under 18: 16%

 With children under 6: 17%

 Married couples with children: 9%

 Single women with children: 30%

 Single men with children: 19.5%

 Other households with child: 18%

 Race/ethnicity of head:

 White non-Hispanic: 8%

 Black non-Hispanic: 22%

 Hispanic: 18%

 Other non-Hispanic: 10%

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The horizontal axis shows the years from 1990 to 2015 and the vertical axis shows the number of deaths per 100,000 live births from 0 to 180.

The details are as follows with all values approximated from the graph.

Combined S U I D rate: The line starts at 155 in 1990, drops down to 100 by 1997, after which it remains at that level with minor fluctuations.

Sudden infant death syndrome: The line starts at 130 in 1990, shows a steady decline till 50 by 2003, at which level it stays until 2012. Thereafter it drops further, ending at 40 in 2015.

Unknown cause: The line starts at 20 in 1990 and shows a very slow rise to 30 by 2000, at which level it remains with minor fluctuations.

Accidental suffocation and strangulation in bed: The line starts at less than 5 in 1990, but shows a steady but slow rise, ending at 20 in 2015.

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The parts labelled in the diagram are the following:

 Dendrites

 Cell body

 Nucleus

 Presynaptic cell

 Axon

 Myelin sheath

 Synapse

 Postsynaptic cell

Two arrows indicating “signal direction” are marked, one leading to the postsynaptic cell from the presynaptic cell and the other leading away from the postsynaptic cell.

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A caption reads: Neurons migrate along thin strands of glial cells.

The first image shows two horizontal strands of glial cells, labelled a and b, with each having one neuron, shown one above the other.

The second image shows three vertical strands of glial cells, the first strand has two neurons, the second strand has one neuron spaced somewhere in between the two of the first strand, and the third strand has one neuron placed in a diagonal line with two neurons from the previous two strands.

The third image shows three vertical strands of glial cells, each strand having one neuron, which are shown in an upward diagonal formation.

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The details are as follows.

A comparison of the synaptogenesis patterns shows that in a newborn, the strands are very few and not connected. The density and length of the strands progressively increases, until it forms a dense network by the time the child reaches the age of 2.

The images of an apical dendrite show that at birth the branches are few and short. But they show continuous growth until the child is 2.5 years, when the number of branches reaches its maximum. Thereafter, by the age of 28 to 30, there is a slight reduction in the number of branches.

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The four lobes of the brain are labeled in a smaller illustration of the brain:

1 The frontal lobe is located in the upper frontal part of the brain.

2 The parietal lobe is located behind the frontal lobe.

3 The occipital lobe is located at the base of the brain, below the parietal lobe.

4 The temporal lobe is located in front of the occipital lobe and below the frontal and parietal lobes.

Other structures are labeled in a larger illustration of the brain:

1 The central sulcus divides the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe.

2 Next to the central sulcus, in the frontal lobe, is the precentral gyrus (motor cortex).

3 Next to the central sulcus, in the parietal lobe, is the postcentral gyrus (somatosensory cortex).

4 The lateral fissure divides the frontal lobe from the temporal lobe.

5 Within the frontal lobe are the prefrontal cortex at the top of the brain and Broca’s area, which is close to the lateral fissure.

6 The auditory cortex is located in the temporal lobe near the center of the brain, just below the central sulcus.

7 Wernicke’s area is located just behind the auditory cortex in the temporal lobe.

8 The visual cortex is located at the base of the brain in the occipital lobe

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The horizontal axis shows the number of trials, with a vertical dotted line shown at trial 7, indicating a change in pattern.

The vertical axis shows the looking time.

The Habituation graph line shows a steady drop from trial to trial 5. But after the pattern change, the “continued habitation” line continues to fall right up to trial 10. On the other hand, the line labelled “dishabituation” rises sharply at trial 7, but subsequently starts to drop.

A caption reads: Looking time declines with each trial as the infant habituates to the pattern. Dishabituation, renewed interest, signifies that the infant detects a change in stimulus pattern.

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The three photos on the top row show a man doing three actions which are mimicked by the infant, shown in the three photos in the bottom row.

The three actions are:

 sticking the tongue out

 yawning

 drawing the lips together

A caption below reads: In this classic experiment, Meltzoff and Moore demonstrated that neonates imitated the adults’ facial expression more often than chance, suggesting that they are capable of facial imitation—a groundbreaking finding.

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The Teller Acuity cards have a portion of the card covered with alternating black and white stripes, which get progressively thinner and closer spaced.

A caption below reads: Researchers and pediatricians use stimuli such as the Teller Acuity Cards illustrated here to determine what infants can see. Young infants attend to stimuli with wider lines and stop attending as the lines become smaller.

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The images on the left, marked A, show two stars. A 1-month-old infant scans only on one point of the star, whereas a 2-month-old infant scans all over the central part of the star.

The images on the right, marked B, show two human faces. The lines indicating the pattern of a 1-month-old infant’s scan starts at the chin, moves to above the head, comes down briefly to alternate between the eyes and then finishes above the head.

The pattern of a 2-month-old infant’s scan starts above the head, moves to the right eye repeatedly after darting to the other eye, the mouth, and hair several times. The finishing point is marked at the left eye.

A caption below reads: The externality effect refers to a particular pattern of infant visual processing. When presented with a complex stimulus, such as a face, infants under 2 months of age tend to scan along the outer contours, such as along the hairline. Older infants scan the internal features of complex images and faces, thereby processing the entire stimulus.

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The illustration shows a glass cube covered with a checked pattern on the left half. On the right half, the checked pattern is placed on the floor of the cube.

An infant is shown sitting on top of the cube on the half covered with the checked pattern while its father is shown standing beyond the right edge of the cube and trying to make the infant crawl over to him.

A caption below reads: Three-month-old infants show a change in heart rate when placed face down on the glass surface of the deep side of the visual cliff, suggesting that they perceive depth, but do not fear it. Crawling babies, however, move to the shallow side of the visual cliff and refuse to cross the deep side of the visual cliff.

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The horizontal axis of the graph shows the years 1979 to 2010, and the vertical axis shows the percent of male newborn infants, from 0 to 85 in increments of 10.

The details are as follows with all values approximated from the graph.

 Midwest: The line starts at 75 in 1979, rises close to 84 around 1997 and drops down to 68 in 2008, finishing at 70 in 2010.

 Northeast: The line starts at 65 in 1979, and ends at 65 in 2010 with fluctuations of 5 percent on either side.

 South: The line starts around 55 in 1979, starts rising after 1989 to reach 65 by 1995 before again dropping to 55 by 2005. The line ends at around 60 in 2010.

 West: The line starts at 65 in 1979 and shows a steady declining trend, reaching 35 by 1994. The line ends at 40 in 2010, with fluctuations of around 5 percent on both sides.

Notes: Rates represent circumcisions performed during the birth hospitalization. Circumcision is identified by International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) procedure code 64.0.