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Consider the many changes that mark each period of development and it is apparent that development is multidimensional. That is, development includes changes in multiple domains of development. Perhaps the most obvious set of changes includes physical development, body maturation, and growth, such as body size, proportion, appearance, health, and perceptual abilities. Cognitive development refers to the maturation of thought processes and the tools that we use to obtain knowledge, become aware of the world around us, and solve problems. Socioemotional development includes changes in emotions, social abilities, self-understanding, and interpersonal relationships with family and friends. These domains of development overlap and interact. For example, the onset of walking precedes advances in language development in infants in the United States and China (He, Walle, & Campos, 2015; Walle & Campos, 2013). Babies who walk tend to spend more time interacting with caregivers; they can initiate interactions with caregivers, such as by bringing objects to them (Clearfield, 2011). They also evoke more verbal responses and warnings from caregivers as they interact with items and explore their environment. Therefore, walking (motor development) is associated with language and social development. Figure 1.1 illustrates how the three domains of development interact, a central principle of development.

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Figure 1.1 Domains of Development

Advances in physical, cognitive, and socioemotional development interact, permitting children to play sports, learn more efficiently, and develop close friendships.

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