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ОглавлениеChapter 1
(Lessons 1 – 4)
| Sentence Patterns Covered in Chapter 1 | ||
| Sentence Pattern 1 | NOUN + o / kudasai. | 〜を ください。 |
| Sentence Pattern 1A | NOUN + to + NOUN + o / kudasai. | 〜と 〜を ください。 |
| NOUN + to + NOUN + to + NOUN + o / kudasai. | 〜と 〜と 〜を ください。 | |
| Sentence Pattern 1B | Kore o / kudasai. | これを ください。 |
| Sore o / kudasai. | それを ください。 | |
| Are o / kudasai. | あれを ください。 | |
| Kono + NOUN + o / kudasai. | この〜を ください。 | |
| Sono + NOUN + o / kudasai. | その〜を ください。 | |
| Ano + NOUN + o / kudasai. | あの〜を ください。 |
Many words borrowed from other languages (mostly English) are used frequently in Japanese. Several of these will be introduced in this chapter to give you an immediate working vocabulary that you can easily retain and use with confidence in many situations. These borrowed words will also give you practice in Japanese pronunciation.
It is absolutely essential to practice these Japanese borrowed words with the correct Japanese pronunciation. As Jack Seward1 points out, the average citizen of Japan, upon hearing a Westerner (who is usually presumed to be an American) having difficulty speaking Japanese, often attempts to give that foreigner a helping hand by injecting as many borrowed words as he can into his own speech. The result is generally disastrous.
This kindness would be beneficial if the borrowed words were used and pronounced in Japanese as they are used and pronounced in the language from which they were borrowed. Unfortunately, they seldom are, and the Westerner is more confused than ever. Let’s look at some situations in which these borrowed words are frequently used.
Dialogue
Waitress : 何にしましょうか？
田中 : コーヒーをください。
山田 : アップルジュースとパンをください。
田中 : 私もパンをください。
山田 : それは何ですか？
Waitress : これはブルベリチーズケーキです。
山田 : それをください。
田中 : あの赤いケーキは何ですか？
Waitress : あれはラズベリーチーズケーキです。
田中 : じゃあ、あのケーキをください。
| Waitress | : | Nani ni shimashō ka? | What shall I bring you? |
| Tanaka | : | Kōhii o kudasai. | Please bring me coffee. |
| Yamada | : | Appuru jūsu to pan o kudasai. | Please bring me apple juice and bread. |
| Tanaka | : | Watashi mo pan o kudasai. | Please bring bread to me too. |
| Yamada | : | Sore wa nan desuka? | What is that (close to you)? |
| Waitress | : | Kore wa buruberii chiizukēki desu. | This (close to me) is blueberry cheesecake. |
| Yamada | : | Sore o kudasai. | Please give me that (close to you). |
| Tanaka | : | Ano akai kēki wa nan desuka? | What is that red cake (over there)? |
| Waitress | : | Are wa razuberii chiizukēki desu. | That (over there) is raspberry cheesecake. |
| Tanaka | : | Jā, ano kēki o kudasai. | Well, then, please bring me that cake (over there). |
Dialogue vocabulary
| akai | 赤い | red |
| ano/are | あの/あれ | that (over there) |
| appuru jūsu | アップルジュース | apple juice |
| buruberi chiizukēki | ブルベリチーズ ケーキ | blueberry cheesecake |
| desu | です | is/are |
| jā | じゃあ | Well, then … |
| kēki | ケーキ | cake |
| kōhii | コーヒー | coffee |
| kono/kore | この/これ | this (by me) |
| mo | も | too |
| nani/nan | 何 | What? |
| pan (from Portuguese pão) | パン | bread |
| ~ o kudasai. | 〜 を ください。 | Please give/bring me ~. |
| razuberii chiizukēki | ラズベリーチーズケーキ | raspberry cheesecake |
| shimashō ka? | しましょうか | will you have/will you do? |
| sono/sore | その/それ | that (by you) |
| watashi | 私 | I |
Culture and vocabulary notes
Jā is often used at the beginning of sentence in the same way that “well” or “well then” is used in English. Watakushi is a more formal word for “I” or “me” than watashi. The particle mo adds the meaning too or also. Thus the expression watashi mo can be translated as “Me too.”
• LESSON 1 •
Ordering at a Coffee Shop
In this lesson, you will learn a sentence pattern that will permit you to order various items at a restaurant or shop. You will also learn the Japanese words for many basic food items.
Vocabulary
| aisu kōhii | アイスコーヒー | iced coffee |
| aisukuriimu | アイスクリーム | ice cream |
| aisukuriimu sōda | アイスクリーム ソーダ | ice cream soda |
| aisu tii | アイステイー | iced tea |
| appuru pai | アップルパイ | apple pie |
| batā | バター | butter |
| chokorēto sheiku | チョコレート シェイク | chocolate shake |
| hamu sandoitchi (hamu sando)2 | ハムサンドイッチ (ハムサンド） | ham sandwich |
| jūsu | ジュース | juice |
| kōcha | 紅茶 | black tea |
| kōra | コーラ | cola |
| kokoa | ココア | cocoa |
| mikkusu sandoitchi (mikkusu sando) | ミックスサンドイッチ （ミックスサンド） | combination sandwich (usually ham, cheese, egg and tomato) |
| miruku | ミルク | milk |
| mizu | 水 | water (cold) |
| ocha | お茶 | tea (any kind) |
| omuraisu | オムライス | rice omelet |
| orenji jūsu | オレンジ ジュース | orange juice |
| pai | パイ | pie |
| remonēdo | レモネード | lemonade |
| sandoitchi (sando) | サンドイッチ | sandwich |
| sōda | ソーダ | soda |
| tomato jūsu | トマト ジュース | tomato juice |
Culture and vocabulary notes
Coffee shops or tea rooms, called kissaten (喫茶店), are numerous in Japan and are very popular places to meet friends and relax. You can order all kinds of soft drinks, desserts, and even light-lunch items such as sandwiches there. Many of these items are foreign loanwords and so are written in katakana.
In any situation that involves buying or shopping, kudasai can mean “Please bring (me),” “Please sell (me),” or “Please give (me).” The o in Kōhii o kudasai is called a particle. It has no meaning in itself but indicates that the preceding word is the direct object in the sentence. Other particles will be introduced later.
There are no articles like “a” or “the” in Japanese. Although in English you tend to say, “Please give me some ice cream,” Japanese usually just say, “Please give me ice cream.”
Grammar
The first sentence pattern below shows you the simplest way to ask for something in Japanese. It consists of the item (a noun) you want, a particle, and a word meaning “please.” Look carefully at the sentence pattern that follows.
| Sentence Pattern 1 | |
| NOUN + o / kudasai.〜を ください。 | Please give me + NOUN. |
Examples
| Sōda o kudasai.ソーダをください。 | Please give me soda. |
| Jūsu o kudasai.ジュースをください。 | Please give me juice. |
| Kēki o kudasai.ケーキをください。 | Please give me cake. |
| Aisukuriimu o kudasai.アイスクリームをください。 | Please give me ice cream. |
| Kokoa o kudasai.ココアをください。 | Please give me cocoa. |
| Chokorēto sheiku o kudasai.チョコレート シェイクをください。 | Please give me (a) chocolate shake. |
Practice
1. Practice saying these sentences aloud. What the waitress says is included for your recognition, since you will hear it often in coffee shops and other places serving the public.
| Waitress: | |
| Nani ni shimashō ka?何にしましょうか？ | What shall I bring you? |
| [or] | [or] |
| Nani ni nasaimasu ka?何になさいますか？ | What are you going to have? |
| Customer: | |
| Kōhii o kudasai.コーヒーをください。 | Please give me (some) coffee. |
| Appuru pai o kudasai.アップルパイをください。 | Please give me (a piece of) apple pie. |
| Aisukuriimu o kudasai.アイスクリームをください。 | Please give me (some) ice cream. |
| Kōra o kudasai.コーラをください。 | Please give me (a) cola. |
| Miruku o kudasai.ミルクをください。 | Please give me (some) milk. |
| Orenji jūsu o kudasai.オレンジジュースをください。 | Please give me (some) orange juice. |
2. See if you can order the following items. Turn to page 236 to see the answers.
a) coffee
b) sandwich
c) lemonade
d) ice cream soda
e) tea
• LESSON 2 •
Ordering at a Bar
In this section you will use the sentence pattern from Lesson 1 to order various types of drinks at a bar.
Vocabulary
| biiru | ビール | beer |
| burandē | ブランデー | brandy |
| jin fuizu | ジンフィズ | gin fizz |
| kakuteru | カクテル | cocktail |
| ramu | ラム | rum |
| Sukotchi uisukii | スコッチウイスキー | Scotch whiskey |
| uisukii | ウイスキー | whiskey |
| uisukii sōda | ウイスキーソーダ | whiskey and soda |
| uokka | ウオッカ | vodka |
Useful Expressions
| mizuwari de | 水割りで | with water and ice |
| sutorēto de | ストレートで | straight |
Culture and Vocabulary Notes
Bars (バー), often called nomiya (飲み屋), are popular places for Japanese people to meet for social gatherings with friends or with fellow employees after work. Izakaya (居酒屋) are a popular type of pub that also serves simple food.
Mizuwari is a native Japanese word. The de in mizuwari de and sutorēto de is a particle that indicates the style of the drink, or how it is to be made. These phrases can be inserted into Sentence Pattern 1.
Grammar
| Sukotchi uisukii o kudasai.スコッチウイスキーをください。 | Please give me a Scotch. |
| Sukotchi uisukii o mizuwari de kudasai.スコッチウイスキーを水割りで ください。 | Please give me a Scotch with water and ice. |
A sentence like the one immediately above has two particles. One, the particle o, shows what you wish to receive. The other, the particle de, here shows “how” you want to receive it. The particle de has other uses which will be covered later in this book.
Practice
1. Practice using Sentence Pattern 1. Note that the bartender’s question below is the same as the waitress’ on page 20, but the translation is different. What is important to learn is the intention of the speaker, and this is something that is often not clearly shown in a literal translation. Note these differences as you work through this book.
| Bartender: | |
| Nani ni shimashō ka?何にしましょうか？ | What will you have? |
| Customer: | |
| Uisukii sōda o kudasai.ウイスキーソーダをください。 | Please give me a whiskey and soda. |
| Biiru o kudasai.ビールをください。 | Please give me a beer. |
| Sukotchi uisukii o mizuwari de kudasai.スコッチウイスキーを水割りでください。 | Please give me a Scotch with water and ice. |
| Uisukii o sutorēto de kudasai.ウイスキーをストレートで ください。 | Please give me a straight Scotch. |
2. See if you can order the following bar items. Turn to page 236 to see the answers.
a) beer
b) Scotch with water and ice
c) brandy
d) Scotch straight
• LESSON 3 •
Ordering at a Restaurant
In this lesson you will learn how to order food at a restaurant. You will also learn how to order two or more items at the same time.
Vocabulary
| yōshoku | 洋食 | Western-style food |
| Main Dishes | ||
| bifuteki (biifusutēki) | ビフテキ (ビーフステーキ) | beefsteak |
| biifu karē | ビーフカレー | beef curry |
| biifu shichū | ビーフシチュー | beef stew |
| chikin karē | チキンカレー | chicken curry |
| hanbāgā | ハンバーガー | hamburger |
| karē raisu | カレーライス | curry rice |
| korokke | コロッケ | croquette |
| rōsuto biifu | ローストビーフ | roast beef |
| rōsuto pōku | ローストポーク | roast pork |
| sarada | サラダ | salad |
| shiifūdo karē | シーフードカレー | seafood curry |
| sūpu | スープ | soup |
| tonkatsu | トンカツ | pork cutlet |
| Breakfast Items | ||
| bēkon | ベーコン | bacon |
| hamu | ハム | ham |
| omuretsu | オムレツ | omelet |
| sōsēji | ソーセージ | sausage |
Culture and vocabulary notes
Notice that all of the dishes listed above are foreign loanwords and are written in katakana. As you’ll discover in the next chapter, there are many Japanese dishes, such as sushi (寿司), teppanyaki (鉄板焼き), and tenpura (天ぷら), that are written in kanji and/or hiragana.
It is polite to say itadakimasu (頂きます) just before beginning a meal to express your appreciation for the food and gochisōsama deshita (御馳走さまでした) when you are done to thank your host for the meal.
Grammar
To order two or more items, you need to know the Japanese expression that is equivalent to the English word “and.” Though in English you say, “Give me A, B, C, and D,” in Japanese you say, ‘Give me A and B and C and D.”
“And” in Japanese is expressed by the particle to. The function of to in Japanese is to connect words or phrases, but not clauses or sentences.
| Sentence Pattern 1A | |
| NOUN + to + NOUN + o / kudasai.NOUN + と + NOUN + をください。 | Please give me + NOUN + and + NOUN. |
| NOUN + to + NOUN + to + NOUN + o / kudasai.NOUN + と + NOUN + と + NOUN + をください | Please give me + NOUN + NOUN + and + NOUN. |
| Examples | |
| Hanbāgā to kōhii o kudasai.ハンバーガーとコーヒーをください。 | Please give me a hamburger and coffee. |
| Omuretsu to jūsu to kōhii o kudasai.オムレツとジュースとコーヒーを ください。 | Please give me an omelet, juice, and coffee. |
Practice
1. Practice saying the following sentences aloud.
| Waitress: | |
| Nani ni shimashō ka?何にしましょうか？ | What shall I bring you? |
| Customer: | |
| Biifu karē to sarada o kudasai.ビーフカレーとサラダをください。 | Please bring me beef curry and salad. |
| Hanbāgā to biiru o kudasai.ハンバーガーとビールをください。 | Please bring me a hamburger and a beer. |
| Sarada to miruku o kudasai.サラダとミルクをください。 | Please bring me a salad and some milk. |
2. See if you can order two items at the same time in a coffee shop or a bar. Turn to page 236 to see the answers.
a) coffee and cake
b) milk and a ham sandwich
c) coffee and salad
d) lemonade and a piece of apple pie
e) gin fizz and beer
• LESSON 4 •
Shopping at a Department Store
Here you will learn how to request various items at a department store. You will also learn the noun and adjectival forms of the Japanese expressions for this (by me), that (by you) and that (over there).
Vocabulary
| dejitaru kamera | デジタルカメラ | digital camera |
| diibiidii pureiyā | DVD プレーヤー | DVD player |
| doresu | ドレス | dress |
| hankachi | ハンカチ | handkerchief |
| kādegan | カーディガン | cardigan |
| kamera | カメラ | camera |
| konpyūta | コンピュータ | computer |
| kōto | コート | coat |
| nekutai | ネクタイ | necktie |
| rajio | ラジオ | radio |
| reinkōto (renkoto) | レインコート (レンコート) | raincoat |
| sētā | セーター | sweater |
| shatsu | シャツ | undershirt |
| shiidii | CD | CD |
| shiidii pureiyā | CD プレーヤー | CD player |
| sukāfu | スカーフ | scarf |
| sukāto | スカート | skirt |
| surakkusu | スラックス | slacks |
| sutereo | ステレオ | stereo set |
| sūtsu | スーツ | suit |
| tabako | タバコ | pack of cigarettes |
| terebi | テレビ | television set |
| waishatsu | ワイシャツ | dress shirt |
Culture and vocabulary notes
The word shatsu usually refers only to an undershirt. If you want to refer to a long-sleeved dress shirt of the sort worn with a suit, use the word waishatsu. Depending on the type of shirt, there are also such words as supōtsu shatsu, “sports shirt,” aroha shatsu, “aloha shirt,” and so on.
If you use the word pantsu to indicate a pair of slacks, you may produce giggles from a Japanese person. Pantsu generally means “underwear.” The Japanese word for men’s “pants” is zubon.
Grammar
When shopping in Japan, you may not always know the correct word for the item you wish to buy. In such cases, of course, you can just point to the item and use words for “this” or “that.” Sometimes, though, you will know the Japanese word for the item but will wish to specify which among several is the particular one you want.
In English, the sentences “Please give me this” and “Please give me this camera” both use the same word, “this,” to specify the item you want. In Japanese, however, the noun and adjective forms of “this” (and “that”) are different. Look at the following sentence pattern.
| Sentence Pattern 1B | |
| Kore o / kudasai.これをください。 | Please give this (near me) to me. |
| Sore o / kudasai.それをください。 | Please give that (near you) to me. |
| Are o / kudasai.あれをください。 | Please give that (over there) to me. |
| Kono + NOUN + o / kudasaiこの + NOUN + をください。 | Please give me this (near me) + NOUN. |
| Sono + NOUN + o / kudasai.その + NOUN + をください。 | Please give me that (near you) + NOUN. |
| Ano + NOUN + o / kudasai.あの + NOUN + をください。 | Please give me that (over there) + NOUN. |
| Examples | |
| Kore o kudasai.これをください。 | Please give this (these) to me. |
| Kono kamera o kudasai.このカメラをください。 | Please give me this (these) camera(s) (close to me). |
| Sono kamera o kudasai.そのカメラをください。 | Please give me that (the, those) camera(s) (close to you). |
| Ano kamera o kudasai.あのカメラをください。 | Please give me that (those) camera(s) (some distance from you and me). |
Kore, sore, and are take the place of the noun, just as an English pronoun does. But they are unlike English pronouns in that they have the same form whether the meaning you intend is singular or plural.
Kono, sono, and ano cannot be used without a following noun. Note, too, that Japanese nouns are unlike most English nouns in that they normally take the same form whether singular or plural.
Use kore and kono to indicate an object closer to you, the speaker. Use sore and sono to indicate an object closer to your listener. Use are and ano to indicate an object that is some distance from both you and your listener.
Practice
1. Practice saying the following sentences aloud.
| Clerk: | |
| Nani o sashiagemashō ka?何をさしあげましょうか？ | What shall I bring you? (polite) |
| [or] | |
| Nani ni shimashō ka?何にしましょうか？ | What can I do for you? |
| Customer: | |
| Sono reinkōto o kudasai.そのレインコートをください。 | Please sell me the raincoat (which is close to you). |
| Kono sukāfu o kudasai.このスカーフをください。 | Please sell me this scarf. |
| Ano sētā o kudasai.あのセーターをください。 | Please sell me that sweater (over there). |
| Kore o kudasai.これをください。 | Please sell me this. |
| Sore o kudasai.それをください。 | Please sell me that (which is close to you). |
2. See if you can shop in a department store by specifying which among several items is the one you want. Turn to page 236 to see the answers.
a) this necktie
b) that scarf (over there)
c) this roll of film
d) the camera that is close to the clerk
e) that sweater (over there)
Footnotes
1 Jack Seward, Japanese in Action (New York: Walker/ Weatherhill 1969), p. 98.
2 A Japanese word in parentheses after the main entry is an alternate form or a word of the same meaning but of less frequent occurrence.
