Читать книгу The 2004 CIA World Factbook - United States. Central Intelligence Agency - Страница 49
ОглавлениеGeography Cyprus
Location:
Middle East, island in the Mediterranean Sea, south of Turkey
Geographic coordinates:
35 00 N, 33 00 E
Map references:
Middle East
Area:
total: 9,250 sq km (of which 3,355 sq km are in north Cyprus)
water: 10 sq km
land: 9,240 sq km
Area - comparative:
about 0.6 times the size of Connecticut
Land boundaries:
NA; boundaries with Akrotiri and Dhekelia are being resurveyed
Coastline:
648 km
Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation
Climate:
temperate; Mediterranean with hot, dry summers and cool winters
Terrain:
central plain with mountains to north and south; scattered but
significant plains along southern coast
Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Mediterranean Sea 0 m
highest point: Mount Olympus 1,951 m
Natural resources:
copper, pyrites, asbestos, gypsum, timber, salt, marble, clay earth
pigment
Land use: arable land: 7.79% permanent crops: 4.44% other: 87.77% (2001)
Irrigated land:
382 sq km (2001 est.)
Natural hazards:
moderate earthquake activity; droughts
Environment - current issues:
water resource problems (no natural reservoir catchments, seasonal
disparity in rainfall, sea water intrusion to island's largest
aquifer, increased salination in the north); water pollution from
sewage and industrial wastes; coastal degradation; loss of wildlife
habitats from urbanization
Environment - international agreements:
party to: Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine
Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants
Geography - note:
the third largest island in the Mediterranean Sea (after Sicily and
Sardinia)
People Cyprus
Population:
775,927 (July 2004 est.)
Age structure:
0–14 years: 21.4% (male 84,850; female 81,235)
15–64 years: 67.4% (male 264,441; female 258,150)
65 years and over: 11.2% (male 38,058; female 49,193) (2004 est.)
Median age:
total: 34.4 years
male: 33.4 years
female: 35.5 years (2004 est.)
Population growth rate:
0.55% (2004 est.)
Birth rate:
12.66 births/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Death rate:
7.63 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Net migration rate:
0.43 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15–64 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.77 male(s)/female
total population: 1 male(s)/female (2004 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
total: 7.36 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 5.44 deaths/1,000 live births (2004 est.)
male: 9.19 deaths/1,000 live births
Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 77.46 years
male: 75.11 years
female: 79.92 years (2004 est.)
Total fertility rate:
1.85 children born/woman (2004 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
0.1% (2003 est.)
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
less than 1,000 (1999 est.)
HIV/AIDS - deaths:
NA
Nationality:
noun: Cypriot(s)
adjective: Cypriot
Ethnic groups:
Greek 77%, Turkish 18%, other 5% (2001)
Religions:
Greek Orthodox 78%, Muslim 18%, Maronite, Armenian Apostolic, and
other 4%
Languages:
Greek, Turkish, English
Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 97.6%
male: 98.9%
female: 96.3% (2003 est.)
Government Cyprus
Country name:
conventional long form: Republic of Cyprus
conventional short form: Cyprus
note: the Turkish Cypriot community (north Cyprus) refers to itself
as the "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus" (TRNC)
Government type:
republic
note: a separation of the two ethnic communities inhabiting the
island began following the outbreak of communal strife in 1963; this
separation was further solidified after the Turkish intervention in
July 1974 that followed a Greek junta-supported coup attempt gave
the Turkish Cypriots de facto control in the north; Greek Cypriots
control the only internationally recognized government; on 15
November 1983 Turkish Cypriot "President" Rauf DENKTASH declared
independence and the formation of a "Turkish Republic of Northern
Cyprus" (TRNC), recognized only by Turkey; both sides publicly
support a settlement based on a bizonal, bicommunal federation.
Capital:
Nicosia
Administrative divisions:
6 districts; Famagusta, Kyrenia, Larnaca, Limassol, Nicosia,
Paphos; note - Turkish Cypriot area's administrative divisions
include Kyrenia, all but a small part of Famagusta, and small parts
of Lefkosia (Nicosia) and Larnaca
Independence:
16 August 1960 (from UK); note - Turkish Cypriots proclaimed
self-rule on 13 February 1975 and independence in 1983, but these
proclamations are only recognized by Turkey
National holiday:
Independence Day, 1 October (1960); note - Turkish Cypriots
celebrates 15 November (1983) as Independence Day
Constitution:
16 August 1960; from December 1963, the Turkish Cypriots no longer
participated in the government; negotiations to create the basis for
a new or revised constitution to govern the island and to better
relations between Greek and Turkish Cypriots have been held
intermittently since the mid-1960s; in 1975, following the 1974
Turkish intervention, Turkish Cypriots created their own
constitution and governing bodies within the "Turkish Federated
State of Cyprus," which became the "Turkish Republic of Northern
Cyprus" when the Turkish Cypriots declared their independence in
1983; a new constitution for the "TRNC" passed by referendum on 5
May 1985
Legal system:
based on common law, with civil law modifications
Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state: President Tassos PAPADOPOULOS (since 1 March 2003);
note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government; post of vice president is currently vacant; under the
1960 constitution, the post is reserved for a Turkish Cypriot
head of government: President Tassos PAPADOPOULOS (since 1 March
2003); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of
government; post of vice president is currently vacant; under the
1960 constitution, the post is reserved for a Turkish Cypriot
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed jointly by the president and
vice president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
election last held 16 February 2003 (next to be held NA February
2008)
note: Rauf R. DENKTASH has been "president" of north Cyprus since 13
February 1975 ("president" elected by popular vote for a five-year
term); elections last held 15 April 2000 (next to be held April
2005); results - Rauf R. DENKTASH reelected president after the
other contender withdrew; Mehmet Ali TALAT, who had been "prime
minister" of north Cyprus since mid-January 2004, currently serving
in a caretaker capacity following the failure of the governing
coalition to pass a budget; "parliamentary" elections are planned
for 20 February 2005; there is a Council of Ministers (cabinet) in
north Cyprus, appointed by the "prime minister"
election results: Tassos PAPADOPOULOS elected president; percent of
vote - Tassos PAPADOPOULOS 51.5%, Glafkos KLIRIDIS 38.8%, Alekos
MARKIDIS 6.6%
Legislative branch:
unicameral - Republic of Cyprus: House of Representatives or Vouli
Antiprosopon (80 seats; 56 assigned to the Greek Cypriots, 24 to
Turkish Cypriots; note - only those assigned to Greek Cypriots are
filled; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year
terms); north Cyprus: Assembly of the Republic or Cumhuriyet Meclisi
(50 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year
terms)
election results: Republic of Cyprus: House of Representatives -
percent of vote by party - AKEL 34.71%, DISY 34%, DIKO 14.84%, KISOS
6.51%, others 9.94%; seats by party - AKEL (Communist) 20, DISY 19,
DIKO 9, KISOS 4, others 4; north Cyprus: Assembly of the Republic -
percent of vote by party - CTP 35.8%, UBP 32.3%, Peace and
Democratic Movement 13.4%, DP 12.3%; seats by party - CTP 19, UBP
18, Peace and Democratic Movement 6, DP 7
elections: Republic of Cyprus: last held 27 May 2001 (next to be
held May 2006); north Cyprus: last held 14 December 2003 (next to be
held early 2005 because the government resigned)
Judicial branch:
Supreme Court (judges are appointed jointly by the president and
vice president)
note: there is also a Supreme Court in north Cyprus
Political parties and leaders:
Republic of Cyprus: Democratic Party or DIKO [Tassos PAPADOPOULOS];
Democratic Rally or DISY [Nikos ANASTASIADHIS]; Fighting Democratic
Movement or ADIK [Dinos MIKHAILIDIS]; Green Party of Cyprus [George
PERDIKIS]; New Horizons [Nikolaus KOUTSOU]; Restorative Party of the
Working People or AKEL (Communist Party) [Dimitrios CHRISTOFIAS];
Social Democrats Movement or KISOS (formerly United Democratic Union
of Cyprus or EDEK) [Yiannakis OMIROU]; United Democrats Movement or
EDE [George VASSILIOU]; north Cyprus: Democratic Party or DP [Serder
DENKTASH]; National Birth Party or UDP [Enver EMIN]; National Unity
Party or UBP [Dervis EROGLU]; Our Party or BP [Okyay SADIKOGLU];
Patriotic Unity Movement or YBH [Alpay DURDURAN]; Peace and
Democratic Movement [Mustafa AKINCI]; Republican Turkish Party or
CTP [Mehmet ALI TALAT]
Political pressure groups and leaders:
Confederation of Cypriot Workers or SEK (pro-West); Confederation
of Revolutionary Labor Unions or Dev-Is; Federation of Turkish
Cypriot Labor Unions or Turk-Sen; Pan-Cyprian Labor Federation or
PEO (Communist controlled)
International organization participation:
Australia Group, C, CE, EBRD, EIB, EU (new member), FAO, IAEA,
IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO,
Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, MIGA, NAM, NSG, OAS (observer), OPCW,
OSCE, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WCO, WEU
(observer affiliate), WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO
Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Euripides L. EVRIVIADES
chancery: 2211 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20008
FAX: [1] (202) 483–6710
note: representative of the Turkish Cypriot community in the US is
Osman ERTUG; office at 1667 K Street NW, Washington, DC; telephone
[1] (202) 887–6198
consulate(s): New York
consulate(s) general: New York
telephone: [1] (202) 462–5772
Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Michael KLOSSON
embassy: corner of Metochiou and Ploutarchou Streets, Engomi, 2407
Nicosia
mailing address: P. O. Box 24536, 1385 Nikosia
telephone: [357] (22) 393939
FAX: [357] (22) 780944
Flag description:
white with a copper-colored silhouette of the island (the name
Cyprus is derived from the Greek word for copper) above two green
crossed olive branches in the center of the flag; the branches
symbolize the hope for peace and reconciliation between the Greek
and Turkish communities
note: the "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus" flag has a
horizontal red stripe at the top and bottom between which is a red
crescent and red star on a white field
Economy Cyprus
Economy - overview:
The Greek Cypriot economy is prosperous but highly susceptible to
external shocks. Erratic growth rates over the past decade reflect
the economy's vulnerability to swings in tourist arrivals, caused by
political instability in the region and fluctuations in economic
conditions in Western Europe. Economic policy is focused on meeting
the criteria for admission to the EU. EU-driven tax reforms in 2003
have introduced fiscal imbalances, which, coupled with a sluggish
tourism sector, have resulted in growing fiscal deficits. As in the
Turkish sector, water shortages are a perennial problem; a few
desalination plants are now on-line. After 10 years of drought, the
country received substantial rainfall from 2001–03, alleviating
immediate concerns. The Turkish Cypriot economy has roughly
one-third of the per capita GDP of the south. Because it is
recognized only by Turkey, it has had much difficulty arranging
foreign financing and investment. It remains heavily dependent on
agriculture and government service, which together employ about half
of the work force. To compensate for the economy's weakness, Turkey
provides grants and loans to support economic development. Ankara
provided $200 million in 2002 and pledged $450 million for the
2003–05 period. Future events throughout the island will be highly
influenced by the outcome of negotiations on the UN-sponsored
agreement to unite the Greek and Turkish areas.
GDP:
Republic of Cyprus: purchasing power parity - $14.82 billion (2003
est.); north Cyprus: purchasing power parity - $1.217 billion (2003
est.)
GDP - real growth rate:
Republic of Cyprus: 1.9% (2003 est.); north Cyprus: 2.6% (2003 est.)
GDP - per capita:
Republic of Cyprus: purchasing power parity - $19,200 (2003 est.);
north Cyprus: purchasing power parity - $5,600 (2003 est.)
GDP - composition by sector: Republic of Cyprus: agriculture 4.1%; industry 20.3%; services 75.6% north Cyprus: agriculture 10.6%; industry 20.5%; services 68.9% (2003)
Investment (gross fixed):
19.9% of GDP (2003)
Population below poverty line:
NA
Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
Republic of Cyprus: 4.1% (2003 est.); north Cyprus: 12.6% (2003
est.)
Labor force:
330,000 Republic of Cyprus: 306,000; north Cyprus: 95,025 (2003)
Labor force - by occupation:
Republic of Cyprus: services 75.6%, industry 19.4%, agriculture
4.9% (2003); north Cyprus: services 68.9%, industry 20.5%,
agriculture 10.6% (2003)
Unemployment rate:
Republic of Cyprus: 3.4%; north Cyprus: 5.6% (2003 est.)
Budget:
revenues: Republic of Cyprus - $3.971 billion, north Cyprus -
$231.3 million (2002 est.)
expenditures: $4.746 billion, Republic of Cyprus - $539 million,
including capital expenditures of $539 million, north Cyprus -
$432.8 million, including capital expenditures of NA (2003)
Public debt:
62.3% of GDP (2003)
Agriculture - products:
potatoes, citrus, vegetables, barley, grapes, olives, vegetables,
poultry, pork, lamb, kids, dairy
Industries:
food, beverages, textiles, chemicals, metal products, tourism, wood
products
Industrial production growth rate:
Republic of Cyprus: −0.6% (2002); north Cyprus: −0.3% (2003)
Electricity - production:
3.401 billion kWh; north Cyprus: NA kWh (2001)
Electricity - consumption:
Republic of Cyprus: 3.163 billion kWh; north Cyprus: NA kWh (2001)
Electricity - exports:
0 kWh (2001)
Electricity - imports:
0 kWh (2001)
Oil - production:
0 bbl/day (2001 est.)
Oil - consumption:
49,000 bbl/day (2001 est.)
Oil - exports:
NA (2001)
Oil - imports:
NA (2001)
Current account balance:
$-545 million (2003)
Exports:
Republic of Cyprus: $1.054 billion f.o.b. north Cyprus: $46 million
f.o.b. (2003 est.)
Exports - commodities:
Republic of Cyprus: citrus, potatoes, pharmaceuticals, cement,
clothing and cigarettes; north Cyprus: citrus, potatoes, textiles
Exports - partners:
UK 32.1%, Greece 9.2%, Lebanon 3.5% (2003)
Imports:
Republic of Cyprus: $4.637 billion f.o.b.; north Cyprus: $301
million f.o.b. (2003 est.)
Imports - commodities:
Republic of Cyprus: consumer goods, petroleum and lubricants,
intermediate goods, machinery, transport equipment; north Cyprus:
food, minerals, chemicals, machinery
Imports - partners:
Greece 11.9%, Italy 9.8%, UK 8.3%, Germany 7.5%, Japan 5.6%, France
5.1%, China 4.9%, US 4.2%, Spain 4% (2003)
Reserves of foreign exchange & gold:
$3.453 billion (2003)
Debt - external:
Republic of Cyprus: $8.85 billion; north Cyprus: NA (2003)
Economic aid - recipient:
Republic of Cyprus - $17 million (1998); north Cyprus - $700
million from Turkey in grants and loans (1990–97), which are usually
forgiven (1998)
Currency:
Republic of Cyprus: Cypriot pound (CYP); north Cyprus: Turkish lira
(TRL)
Currency code:
CYP; TRL
Exchange rates:
Cypriot pounds per US dollar - 0.5174 (2003), 0.6107 (2002), 0.6431
(2001), 0.6224 (2000), 0.5429 (1999), Turkish lira per US dollar
1.505 million (2003), 1.507 million (2002), 1,225,590 (2001),
625,218 (2000), 418,783 (1999)
Fiscal year:
calendar year
Communications Cyprus
Telephones - main lines in use:
Republic of Cyprus: 427,400 (2002); north Cyprus: 86,228 (2002)
Telephones - mobile cellular:
Republic of Cyprus: 417,900 (2002); north Cyprus: 143,178 (2002)
Telephone system:
general assessment: excellent in both Republic of Cyprus and north
Cyprus areas
domestic: open-wire, fiber-optic cable, and microwave radio relay
international: country code - 357; tropospheric scatter; 3 coaxial
and 5 fiber-optic submarine cables; satellite earth stations - 3
Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 2 Indian Ocean), 2 Eutelsat, 2
Intersputnik, and 1 Arabsat
Radio broadcast stations:
Republic of Cyprus: AM 7, FM 60, shortwave 1 (1998); north Cyprus:
AM 3, FM 11, shortwave 1 (1998)
Radios:
Greek Cypriot area: 310,000 (1997); Turkish Cypriot area: 56,450
(1994)
Television broadcast stations:
Republic of Cyprus: 4 (plus 225 low-power repeaters) (September
1995);; north Cyprus: 4 (plus 5 repeaters) (September 1995)
Televisions:
Greek Cypriot area: 248,000 (1997); Turkish Cypriot area: 52,300
(1994)
Internet country code:
.cy
Internet hosts:
5,901 (2004)
Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
6 (2000)
Internet users:
210,000 (2002)
Transportation Cyprus
Highways:
total: 13,491 km
note: Republic of Cyprus: 11,141 km; north Cyprus: 2,350 km
unpaved: Republic of Cyprus: 4,713 km; north Cyprus: 980 km
(2000/1996)
paved: Republic of Cyprus: 6,428 km; north Cyprus: 1,370 km
Ports and harbors:
Famagusta, Kyrenia, Larnaca, Limassol, Paphos, Vasilikos
Merchant marine:
total: 1,066 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 22,016,374 GRT/35,760,004 DWT
registered in other countries: 100 (2004 est.)
foreign-owned: Austria 11, Belgium 1, Bulgaria 1, Canada 6, China
13, Croatia 2, Cuba 8, Egypt 2, Estonia 2, Germany 210, Greece 499,
Guam 1, Hong Kong 5, India 6, Iran 3, Ireland 1, Israel 3, Italy 2,
Japan 20, South Korea 6, Latvia 11, Malta 1, Mexico 1, Monaco 3,
Netherlands 18, Norway 7, Panama 1, Philippines 2, Poland 20,
Portugal 2, Russia 51, Singapore 2, Slovenia 4, Spain 5, Sudan 2,
Sweden 6, Switzerland 1, Ukraine 2, United Kingdom 16, United States
4, Vietnam 1
by type: bulk 403, cargo 276, chemical tanker 28, combination bulk
21, combination ore/oil 2, container 145, liquefied gas 1,
multi-functional large load carrier 2, passenger 8, passenger/cargo
1, petroleum tanker 109, refrigerated cargo 30, roll on/roll off 29,
short-sea/passenger 5, specialized tanker 3, vehicle carrier 3
Airports:
17 (2003 est.)
Airports - with paved runways:
total: 13
2,438 to 3,047 m: 7
1,524 to 2,437 m: 2
under 914 m: 1 (2004 est.)
914 to 1,523 m: 3
Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 4
914 to 1,523 m: 2
under 914 m: 2 (2004 est.)
Heliports:
10 (2003 est.)
Military Cyprus
Military branches:
Republic of Cyprus: Greek Cypriot National Guard (GCNG; including
air and naval elements), Greek Cypriot Police
north Cyprus: Turkish Cypriot Security Force (GKK)
Military manpower - military age and obligation:
18 years of age (2004 est.)
Military manpower - availability:
males age 15–49: 202,966 (2004 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service:
males age 15–49: 139,255 (2004 est.)
Military manpower - reaching military age annually:
males: 6,614 (2004 est.)
Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$384 million (FY02)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
3.8% (FY02)
Transnational Issues Cyprus
Disputes - international:
hostilities in 1974 divided the island into two de facto autonomous
areas, a Greek Cypriot area controlled by the internationally
recognized Cypriot Government and a Turkish Cypriot area, separated
by a UN buffer zone; March 2003 reunification talks failed, but
Turkish Cypriots later opened their borders to temporary visits by
Greek Cypriots
Refugees and internally displaced persons:
IDPs: 265,000 (both Turkish and Greek Cypriots; many displaced for
over 30 years) (2004)
Illicit drugs:
minor transit point for heroin and hashish via air routes and
container traffic to Europe, especially from Lebanon and Turkey;
some cocaine transits as well; despite a strengthening of anti-money
laundering legislation, remains highly vulnerable to money
laundering; identification of benefiting owners and reporting of
suspicious transactions by nonresident-controlled companies in
offshore sector remains weak
This page was last updated on 10 February, 2005
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@Czech Republic
Introduction Czech Republic
Background:
Following the First World War, the closely related Czechs and
Slovaks of the former Austro-Hungarian Empire merged to form
Czechoslovakia. During the interwar years, the new country's leaders
were frequently preoccupied with meeting the demands of other ethnic
minorities within the republic, most notably the Sudeten Germans and
the Ruthenians (Ukrainians). After World War II, a truncated
Czechoslovakia fell within the Soviet sphere of influence. In 1968,
an invasion by Warsaw Pact troops ended the efforts of the country's
leaders to liberalize Communist party rule and create "socialism
with a human face." Anti-Soviet demonstrations the following year
ushered in a period of harsh repression. With the collapse of Soviet
authority in 1989, Czechoslovakia regained its freedom through a
peaceful "Velvet Revolution." On 1 January 1993, the country
underwent a "velvet divorce" into its two national components, the
Czech Republic and Slovakia. The Czech Republic joined NATO in 1999
and the European Union in 2004.
Geography Czech Republic
Location:
Central Europe, southeast of Germany
Geographic coordinates:
49 45 N, 15 30 E
Map references:
Europe
Area:
total: 78,866 sq km
water: 1,590 sq km
land: 77,276 sq km
Area - comparative:
slightly smaller than South Carolina
Land boundaries:
total: 1,881 km
border countries: Austria 362 km, Germany 646 km, Poland 658 km,
Slovakia 215 km
Coastline:
0 km (landlocked)
Maritime claims:
none (landlocked)
Climate:
temperate; cool summers; cold, cloudy, humid winters
Terrain:
Bohemia in the west consists of rolling plains, hills, and plateaus
surrounded by low mountains; Moravia in the east consists of very
hilly country
Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Elbe River 115 m
highest point: Snezka 1,602 m
Natural resources:
hard coal, soft coal, kaolin, clay, graphite, timber
Land use: arable land: 39.8% permanent crops: 3.05% other: 57.15% (2001)
Irrigated land:
240 sq km (1998 est.)
Natural hazards:
flooding
Environment - current issues: air and water pollution in areas of northwest Bohemia and in northern Moravia around Ostrava present health risks; acid rain damaging forests; efforts to bring industry up to EU code should improve domestic pollution
Environment - international agreements:
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air
Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile
Organic Compounds, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species,
Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone
Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants
Geography - note:
landlocked; strategically located astride some of oldest and most
significant land routes in Europe; Moravian Gate is a traditional
military corridor between the North European Plain and the Danube in
central Europe
People Czech Republic
Population:
10,246,178 (July 2004 est.)
Age structure:
0–14 years: 15% (male 789,987; female 748,476)
15–64 years: 70.9% (male 3,643,574; female 3,622,276)
65 years and over: 14.1% (male 557,496; female 884,369) (2004 est.)
Median age:
total: 38.6 years
male: 36.9 years
female: 40.5 years (2004 est.)
Population growth rate:
−0.05% (2004 est.)
Birth rate:
9.1 births/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Death rate:
10.54 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Net migration rate:
0.97 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15–64 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.63 male(s)/female
total population: 0.95 male(s)/female (2004 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
total: 3.97 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 3.59 deaths/1,000 live births (2004 est.)
male: 4.32 deaths/1,000 live births
Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 75.78 years
male: 72.52 years
female: 79.24 years (2004 est.)
Total fertility rate:
1.18 children born/woman (2004 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
less than 0.1% (2001 est.)
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
500 (2001 est.)
HIV/AIDS - deaths:
less than 10 (2001 est.)
Nationality:
noun: Czech(s)
adjective: Czech
Ethnic groups:
Czech 81.2%, Moravian 13.2%, Slovak 3.1%, Polish 0.6%, German 0.5%,
Silesian 0.4%, Roma 0.3%, Hungarian 0.2%, other 0.5% (1991)
Religions:
Roman Catholic 39.2%, Protestant 4.6%, Orthodox 3%, other 13.4%,
atheist 39.8%
Languages:
Czech
Literacy: definition: NA total population: 99.9% (1999 est.) male: NA female: NA
Government Czech Republic
Country name:
conventional long form: Czech Republic
conventional short form: Czech Republic
local short form: Ceska Republika
local long form: Ceska Republika
Government type:
parliamentary democracy
Capital:
Prague
Administrative divisions:
13 regions (kraje, singular - kraj) and 1 capital city* (hlavni
mesto); Jihocesky Kraj, Jihomoravsky Kraj, Karlovarsky Kraj,
Kralovehradecky Kraj, Liberecky Kraj, Moravskoslezsky Kraj,
Olomoucky Kraj, Pardubicky Kraj, Plzensky Kraj, Praha*, Stredocesky
Kraj, Ustecky Kraj, Vysocina, Zlinsky Kraj
Independence:
1 January 1993 (Czechoslovakia split into the Czech Republic and
Slovakia)
National holiday:
Czech Founding Day, 28 October (1918)
Constitution:
ratified 16 December 1992; effective 1 January 1993
Legal system:
civil law system based on Austro-Hungarian codes; has not accepted
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction; legal code modified to bring it in line
with Organization on Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE)
obligations and to expunge Marxist-Leninist legal theory
Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state: President Vaclav KLAUS (since 7 March 2003)
note: the Czech Republic's first president Vaclav HAVEL stepped down
from office on 2 February 2003 having served exactly 10 years;
parliament finally elected a successor on 28 February 2003 after two
inconclusive elections in January 2003
head of government: Prime Minister Stanislav GROSS (since 26 July
2004), Deputy Prime Ministers Zdenek SKROMACH (since 4 August 2004),
Martin JAHN (since 4 August 2004), Pavel NEMEC (since 4 August
2004); Milan SIMONOVSKY (since 4 August 2004)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president on the recommendation of
the prime minister
election results: Vaclav KLAUS elected president on 28 February
2003; Vaclav KLAUS 142 votes, Jan SOKOL 124 votes (third round;
combined votes of both chambers of parliament)
elections: president elected by Parliament for a five-year term;
last successful election held 28 February 2003 (after earlier
elections held 15 and 24 January 2003 were inconclusive; next
election to be held NA January 2008); prime minister appointed by
the president
Legislative branch:
bicameral Parliament or Parlament consists of the Senate or Senat
(81 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve six-year
terms; one-third elected every two years) and the Chamber of
Deputies or Poslanecka Snemovna (200 seats; members are elected by
popular vote to serve four-year terms)
election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA%; seats by
party - ODS 26, KDU-CSL 15, Open Democracy 15, CSSD 9, Caucus
"Independent" 5, US-DEU 1, European Democrats 1, Greens 1, KSCM 1,
independents 7; Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by party -
CSSD 30.2%, ODS 24.5%, KSCM 18.5%, KDU-CSL & US-DEU coalition 14.3%,
other minor 12.5%; seats by party - CSSD 70, ODS 58, KSCM 41,
KDU-CSL 21, US-DEU 10
elections: Senate - last held in two rounds 5–6 November and 12–13
November 2004 (next to be held NA November 2006); Chamber of
Deputies - last held 14–15 June 2002 (next to be held by NA June
2006)
Judicial branch:
Supreme Court; Constitutional Court; chairman and deputy chairmen
are appointed by the president for a 10-year term
Political parties and leaders:
Christian and Democratic Union-Czechoslovak People's Party or
KDU-CSL [Miroslav KALOUSEK, chairman]; Civic Democratic Alliance or
ODA [Jirina NOVAKOVA, chairman]; Civic Democratic Party or ODS
[Mirek TOPOLANEK, chairman]; Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia
or KSCM [Miroslav GREBENICEK, chairman]; Communist Party of
Czechoslovakia or KSC [Miroslav STEPAN, chairman]; Czech National
Social Party of CSNS [Jaroslav ROVNY, chairman]; Czech Social
Democratic Party or CSSD [Stanislav GROSS, acting chairman];
European Democrats [Jan KASL]; Freedom Union-Democratic Union or
US-DEU [Pavel NEMEC, chairman]; Green Party; Open Democracy
Political pressure groups and leaders:
Bohemian and Moravian Trade Union Confederation [Milan STECH]
International organization participation:
ACCT (observer), Australia Group, BIS, CE, CEI, CERN, EAPC, EBRD,
EIB, EU (new member), FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt (signatory),
ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC,
IOM, ISO, ITU, MIGA, MONUC, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD,
OPCW, OSCE, PCA, PFP, UN, UNAMSIL, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNITAR,
UNMEE, UNMIK, UNMIL, UNOMIG, UPU, WCL, WCO, WEU (member affiliate),
WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO, ZC
Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Martin PALOUS
chancery: 3900 Spring of Freedom Street NW, Washington, DC 20008
consulate(s) general: Los Angeles and New York
FAX: [1] (202) 966–8540
telephone: [1] (202) 274–9100
Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador William J. CABANISS
embassy: Trziste 15, 11801 Prague 1
mailing address: use embassy street address
telephone: [420] (2) 5753–0663
FAX: [420] (2) 5753–0583
Flag description:
two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red with a blue
isosceles triangle based on the hoist side (identical to the flag of
the former Czechoslovakia)
Economy Czech Republic
Economy - overview:
One of the most stable and prosperous of the post-Communist states,
the Czech Republic has been recovering from recession since
mid-1999. Growth in 2000–03 was supported by exports to the EU,
primarily to Germany, and a near doubling of foreign direct
investment. Domestic demand is playing an ever more important role
in underpinning growth as interest rates drop and the availability
of credit cards and mortgages increases. High current account
deficits - averaging around 5% of GDP in the last several years -
could be a persistent problem. Inflation is under control. The EU
put the Czech Republic just behind Poland and Hungary in
preparations for accession, which will give further impetus and
direction to structural reform. Moves to complete banking,
telecommunications, and energy privatization will encourage
additional foreign investment, while intensified restructuring among
large enterprises and banks, and improvements in the financial
sector, should strengthen output growth. Nonetheless, revival in the
European economies remains essential to stepped-up growth.
GDP:
purchasing power parity - $161.1 billion (2003 est.)
GDP - real growth rate:
2.9% (2003 est.)
GDP - per capita:
purchasing power parity - $15,700 (2003 est.)
GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 3.1% industry: 35.5% services: 61.4% (2003)
Investment (gross fixed):
26% of GDP (2003)
Population below poverty line:
NA
Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 4.3% highest 10%: 22.4% (1996)
Distribution of family income - Gini index:
25.4 (1996)
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
0.1% (2003 est.)
Labor force:
5.25 million (2003 est.)
Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture 5%, industry 35%, services 60% (2001 est.)
Unemployment rate:
9.9% (2003)
Budget:
revenues: $33.25 billion
expenditures: $38.88 billion, including capital expenditures of NA
(2003 est.)
Public debt:
29.7% of GDP (2003)
Agriculture - products:
wheat, potatoes, sugar beets, hops, fruit; pigs, poultry
Industries:
metallurgy, machinery and equipment, motor vehicles, glass,
armaments
Industrial production growth rate:
3.3% (2003)
Electricity - production:
70.04 billion kWh (2001)
Electricity - consumption:
55.6 billion kWh (2001)
Electricity - exports:
18.92 billion kWh (2001)
Electricity - imports:
9.38 billion kWh (2001)
Oil - production:
7,419 bbl/day (2001 est.)
Oil - consumption:
175,700 bbl/day (2001 est.)
Oil - exports:
26,670 bbl/day (2001)
Oil - imports:
192,300 bbl/day (2001)
Oil - proved reserves:
17.25 million bbl (1 January 2002)
Natural gas - production:
160 million cu m (2001 est.)
Natural gas - consumption:
9.892 billion cu m (2001 est.)
Natural gas - exports:
1 million cu m (2001 est.)
Natural gas - imports:
9.521 billion cu m (2001 est.)
Natural gas - proved reserves:
3.057 billion cu m (1 January 2002)
Current account balance:
$-5.57 billion (2003)
Exports:
$46.77 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
Exports - commodities:
machinery and transport equipment 44%, intermediate manufactures
25%, chemicals 7%, raw materials and fuel 7% (2000)
Exports - partners:
Germany 37.1%, Slovakia 8%, Austria 6.3%, UK 5.4%, Poland 4.8%,
France 4.7%, Italy 4.5%, Netherlands 4.1% (2003)
Imports:
$50.4 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)
Imports - commodities:
machinery and transport equipment 40%, intermediate manufactures
21%, raw materials and fuels 13%, chemicals 11% (2000)
Imports - partners:
Germany 32.6%, Italy 5.3%, China 5.2%, Slovakia 5.2%, France 4.9%,
Russia 4.6%, Austria 4.3%, Poland 4.2% (2003)
Reserves of foreign exchange & gold:
$26.8 billion (2003)
Debt - external:
$28 billion (2003)
Economic aid - recipient:
$108 million; EU structural adjustment funds (2002)
Currency:
Czech koruna (CZK)
Currency code:
CZK
Exchange rates:
koruny per US dollar - 28.209 (2003), 32.7385 (2002), 38.0353
(2001), 38.5984 (2000), 34.5692 (1999)
Fiscal year:
calendar year
Communications Czech Republic
Telephones - main lines in use:
3.626 million (2003)
Telephones - mobile cellular:
9,708,700 (2003)
Telephone system:
general assessment: privatization and modernization of the Czech
telecommunication system got a late start but is advancing steadily;
growth in the use of mobile cellular telephones is particularly
vigorous
domestic: 86% of exchanges now digital; existing copper subscriber
systems now being enhanced with Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line
(ADSL) equipment to accommodate Internet and other digital signals;
trunk systems include fiber-optic cable and microwave radio relay
international: country code - 420; satellite earth stations - 2
Intersputnik (Atlantic and Indian Ocean regions), 1 Intelsat, 1
Eutelsat, 1 Inmarsat, 1 Globalstar
Radio broadcast stations:
AM 31, FM 304, shortwave 17 (2000)
Radios:
3,159,134 (December 2000)
Television broadcast stations:
150 (plus 1,434 repeaters) (2000)
Televisions:
3,405,834 (December 2000)
Internet country code:
.cz
Internet hosts:
295,677 (2004)
Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
more than 300 (2000)
Internet users:
2.7 million (2003)
Transportation Czech Republic
Railways:
total: 9,520 km
standard gauge: 9,421 km 1.435-m gauge (2,893 km electrified)
narrow gauge: 99 km 0.760-m gauge (2003)
Highways:
total: 55,408 km
paved: 55,408 km (including 499 km of expressways)
unpaved: 0 km (2000)
Waterways:
664 km (on Elbe, Vlatava, and Oder rivers) (2004)
Pipelines:
gas 7,020 km; oil 547 km; refined products 94 km (2004)
Ports and harbors:
Decin, Prague, Usti nad Labem
Airports:
120 (2003 est.)
Airports - with paved runways: total: 44 over 3,047 m: 2 2,438 to 3,047 m: 9 914 to 1,523 m: 2 under 914 m: 17 (2004 est.) 1,524 to 2,437 m: 14
Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 76 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 27 under 914 m: 48 (2004 est.)
Heliports: 2 (2003 est.)
Military Czech Republic
Military branches:
Czech Army: Ground Forces, Air Forces, Special Forces
Military manpower - military age and obligation: 18–50 years of age for compulsory and voluntary military service; service obligation - 12 months; conscription due to end by 2005 (January 2004)
Military manpower - availability:
males age 15–49: 2,623,386 (2004 est.)
Military manpower - fit for military service:
males age 15–49: 2,003,748 (2004 est.)
Military manpower - reaching military age annually:
males: 67,195 (2004 est.)
Military expenditures - dollar figure:
$1,190.2 million (FY01)
Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
2.1% (FY01)
Transnational Issues Czech Republic
Disputes - international:
Liechtenstein's royal family claims restitution for 1,600 sq km of
land in the Czech Republic confiscated in 1918; individual Sudeten
Germans seek restitution for property confiscated in connection with
their expulsion after World War II; Austria has minor dispute with
Czech Republic over the Temelin Nuclear Power Plant
Illicit drugs:
transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin and minor transit
point for Latin American cocaine to Western Europe; producer of
synthetic drugs for local and regional markets; susceptible to money
laundering related to drug trafficking, organized crime
This page was last updated on 10 February, 2005
======================================================================
@Denmark
Introduction Denmark
Background:
Once the seat of Viking raiders and later a major north European
power, Denmark has evolved into a modern, prosperous nation that is
participating in the general political and economic integration of
Europe. It joined NATO in 1949 and the EEC (now the EU) in 1973.
However, the country has opted out of certain elements of the
European Union's Maastricht Treaty, including the European Economic
and Monetary Union (EMU), European defense cooperation, and issues
concerning certain justice and home affairs.
Geography Denmark
Location:
Northern Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea and the North Sea, on a
peninsula north of Germany (Jutland); also includes two major
islands (Sjaelland and Fyn)
Geographic coordinates:
56 00 N, 10 00 E
Map references:
Europe
Area:
total: 43,094 sq km
water: 700 sq km
note: includes the island of Bornholm in the Baltic Sea and the rest
of metropolitan Denmark (the Jutland Peninsula, and the major
islands of Sjaelland and Fyn), but excludes the Faroe Islands and
Greenland
land: 42,394 sq km
Area - comparative:
slightly less than twice the size of Massachusetts
Land boundaries: total: 68 km border countries: Germany 68 km
Coastline: 7,314 km
Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation
Climate:
temperate; humid and overcast; mild, windy winters and cool summers
Terrain:
low and flat to gently rolling plains
Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Lammefjord −7 m
highest point: Yding Skovhoej 173 m
Natural resources:
petroleum, natural gas, fish, salt, limestone, chalk, stone, gravel
and sand
Land use: arable land: 54.02% permanent crops: 0.19% other: 45.79% (2001)
Irrigated land:
4,760 sq km (1998 est.)
Natural hazards:
flooding is a threat in some areas of the country (e.g., parts of
Jutland, along the southern coast of the island of Lolland) that are
protected from the sea by a system of dikes
Environment - current issues:
air pollution, principally from vehicle and power plant emissions;
nitrogen and phosphorus pollution of the North Sea; drinking and
surface water becoming polluted from animal wastes and pesticides
Environment - international agreements:
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air
Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85,
Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds,
Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto
Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental
Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Marine Life
Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical
Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea
Geography - note:
controls Danish Straits (Skagerrak and Kattegat) linking Baltic and
North Seas; about one-quarter of the population lives in greater
Copenhagen
People Denmark
Population:
5,413,392 (July 2004 est.)
Age structure:
0–14 years: 18.9% (male 523,888; female 497,420)
15–64 years: 66.2% (male 1,808,376; female 1,774,388)
65 years and over: 15% (male 344,113; female 465,207) (2004 est.)
Median age:
total: 39.2 years
male: 38.3 years
female: 40.2 years (2004 est.)
Population growth rate:
0.35% (2004 est.)
Birth rate:
11.59 births/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Death rate:
10.53 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Net migration rate:
2.48 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2004 est.)
Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15–64 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.74 male(s)/female
total population: 0.98 male(s)/female (2004 est.)
Infant mortality rate:
total: 4.63 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 4.6 deaths/1,000 live births (2004 est.)
male: 4.65 deaths/1,000 live births
Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 77.44 years
male: 75.17 years
female: 79.83 years (2004 est.)
Total fertility rate:
1.74 children born/woman (2004 est.)
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
0.2% (2003 est.)
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
5,000 (2003 est.)
HIV/AIDS - deaths:
less than 100 (2003 est.)
Nationality:
noun: Dane(s)
adjective: Danish
Ethnic groups:
Scandinavian, Inuit, Faroese, German, Turkish, Iranian, Somali
Religions:
Evangelical Lutheran 95%, other Protestant and Roman Catholic 3%,
Muslim 2%
Languages:
Danish, Faroese, Greenlandic (an Inuit dialect), German (small
minority)
note: English is the predominant second language
Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 100%
male: NA
female: NA
Government Denmark
Country name:
conventional long form: Kingdom of Denmark
conventional short form: Denmark
local short form: Danmark
local long form: Kongeriget Danmark
Government type:
constitutional monarchy
Capital:
Copenhagen
Administrative divisions:
metropolitan Denmark - 14 counties (amter, singular - amt) and 2
boroughs* (amtskommuner, singular - amtskommune); Arhus, Bornholm,
Frederiksberg*, Frederiksborg, Fyn, Kobenhavn, Kobenhavns*,
Nordjylland, Ribe, Ringkobing, Roskilde, Sonderjylland, Storstrom,
Vejle, Vestsjalland, Viborg
note: see separate entries for the Faroe Islands and Greenland,
which are part of the Kingdom of Denmark and are self-governing
overseas administrative divisions
Independence:
first organized as a unified state in 10th century; in 1849 became
a constitutional monarchy
National holiday:
none designated; Constitution Day, 5 June is generally viewed as
the National Day
Constitution:
5 June 1849 adoption of original constitution; a major overhaul of
5 June 1953 allowed for a unicameral legislature and a female chief
of state
Legal system:
civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts; accepts
compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal
Executive branch:
chief of state: Queen MARGRETHE II (since 14 January 1972); Heir
Apparent Crown Prince FREDERIK, elder son of the monarch (born 26
May 1968)
head of government: Prime Minister Anders Fogh RASMUSSEN (since 27
November 2001)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the prime minister and approved by
Parliament
elections: none; the monarch is hereditary; following legislative
elections, the leader of the majority party or the leader of the
majority coalition is usually appointed prime minister by the monarch
Legislative branch:
unicameral Parliament or Folketing (179 seats, including 2 from
Greenland and 2 from the Faroe Islands; members are elected by
popular vote on the basis of proportional representation to serve
four-year terms)
elections: last held 20 November 2001 (next to be held 8 February
2005)
election results: percent of vote by party - Liberal Party 31%,
Social Democrats 29%, Danish People's Party 12%, Conservative Party
9%, Socialist People's Party 6%, Social Liberal Party 5%, Christian
People's Party (now Christian Democrats) 2%, Unity List 2%; seats by
party - Liberal Party 56, Social Democrats 52, Danish People's Party
22, Conservative Party 16, Socialist People's Party 12, Social
Liberal Party 9, Christian People's Party (now Christian Democrats)
4, Unity List 4; note - does not include the 2 seats from Greenland
and the 2 seats from the Faroe Islands
Judicial branch:
Supreme Court (judges are appointed by the monarch for life)
Political parties and leaders:
Center Democratic Party [Mimi JAKOBSEN]; Christian Democrats (was
Christian People's Party) [Marianne KARLSMOSE]; Conservative Party
(sometimes known as Conservative People's Party) [Bendt BENDTSEN];
Danish People's Party [Pia KJAERSGAARD]; Liberal Party [Anders Fogh
RASMUSSEN]; Social Democratic Party [Mogens LYKKETOFT]; Social
Liberal Party (sometimes called the Radical Left) [Marianne JELVED,
leader; Soren BALD, chairman]; Socialist People's Party [Holger K.
NIELSEN]; Red-Green Unity List (bloc includes Left Socialist Party,
Communist Party of Denmark, Socialist Workers' Party) [collective
leadership]
