Читать книгу The 2004 CIA World Factbook - United States. Central Intelligence Agency - Страница 55

Оглавление

Maritime claims:

territorial sea: 3 nm

continental shelf: 200 nm or agreed boundaries or median line

exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm or agreed boundaries or median line

Climate:

mild winters, cool summers; usually overcast; foggy, windy

Terrain:

rugged, rocky, some low peaks; cliffs along most of coast

Elevation extremes:

lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m

highest point: Slaettaratindur 882 m

Natural resources:

fish, whales, hydropower, possible oil and gas

Land use: arable land: 2.14% permanent crops: 0% other: 97.86% (2001)

Irrigated land:

0 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:

Environment - current issues:

Geography - note:

archipelago of 17 inhabited islands and one uninhabited island, and

a few uninhabited islets; strategically located along important sea

lanes in northeastern Atlantic; precipitous terrain limits

habitation to small coastal lowlands

People Faroe Islands

Population:

46,662 (July 2004 est.)

Age structure:

0–14 years: 21.6% (male 5,056; female 5,041)

15–64 years: 64.6% (male 15,975; female 14,187)

65 years and over: 13.7% (male 2,877; female 3,526) (2004 est.)

Median age:

total: 35.1 years

male: 34.6 years

female: 35.8 years (2004 est.)

Population growth rate:

0.66% (2004 est.)

Birth rate:

13.89 births/1,000 population (2004 est.)

Death rate:

8.68 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)

Net migration rate:

1.41 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2004 est.)

Sex ratio:

at birth: 1 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1 male(s)/female

15–64 years: 1.13 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.82 male(s)/female

total population: 1.05 male(s)/female (2004 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

total: 6.38 deaths/1,000 live births

female: 5.03 deaths/1,000 live births (2004 est.)

male: 7.72 deaths/1,000 live births

Life expectancy at birth:

total population: 79.05 years

male: 75.6 years

female: 82.51 years (2004 est.)

Total fertility rate:

2.22 children born/woman (2004 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:

HIV/AIDS - deaths:

Nationality:

noun: Faroese (singular and plural)

adjective: Faroese

Ethnic groups:

Scandinavian

Religions:

Evangelical Lutheran

Languages:

Faroese (derived from Old Norse), Danish

Literacy: definition: NA total population: NA male: NA female: NA note: probably the same as Denmark proper

Government Faroe Islands

Country name:

conventional long form: none

conventional short form: Faroe Islands

local short form: Foroyar

local long form: none

Dependency status:

part of the Kingdom of Denmark; self-governing overseas

administrative division of Denmark since 1948

Government type:

Capital:

Torshavn

Administrative divisions:

none (part of the Kingdom of Denmark; self-governing overseas

administrative division of Denmark); there are no first-order

administrative divisions as defined by the US Government, but there

are 49 municipalities

Independence:

none (part of the Kingdom of Denmark; self-governing overseas

administrative division of Denmark)

National holiday:

Olaifest, 29 July

Constitution:

5 June 1953 (Danish constitution)

Legal system:

Danish

Suffrage:

18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:

chief of state: Queen MARGRETHE II of Denmark (since 14 January

1972), represented by High Commissioner Birgit KLEIS, chief

administrative officer (since 1 November 2001)

election results: Joannes EIDESGAARD elected prime minister; percent

of parliamentary vote - NA%

note: coalition of Social Democrats, Union Party, and People's Party

elections: the monarch is hereditary; high commissioner appointed by

the monarch; following legislative elections, the leader of the

majority party or the leader of the majority coalition is usually

elected prime minister by the Faroese Parliament; election last held

20 January 2004 (next to be held no later than January 2008)

head of government: Prime Minister Joannes EIDESGAARD (since 3

February 2004)

cabinet: Landsstyri appointed by the prime minister

Legislative branch:

unicameral Faroese Parliament or Logting (32 seats; members are

elected by popular vote on a proportional basis from the seven

constituencies to serve four-year terms)

election results: percent of vote by party - Union Party 23.7%,

Social Democrats 21.8%, Republican Party 21.7%, People's Party

20.6%, Center Party 5.2%, Independence Party 4.6%; seats by party -

Union Party 7, Social Democrats 7, Republican Party 8, People's

Party 7, Center Party 2, Independence Party 1

note: election of 2 seats to the Danish Parliament was last held on

20 November 2001 (next to be held 8 February 2005); results -

percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - Republican Party 1,

Union Party 1

elections: last held 20 January 2004 (next to be held no later than

January 2008)

Judicial branch:

none

Political parties and leaders:

Center Party [Jenis A. RANA]; Independence Party [Helena Dam a

NEYSTABO]; People's Party [Anfinn KALLSBERG]; Republican Party

[Hogni HOYDAL]; Social Democratic Party [Joannes EIDESGAARD]; Union

Party [Lisbeth PETERSEN]

Political pressure groups and leaders:

International organization participation:

IMO (associate), NC, NIB, UPU

Diplomatic representation in the US:

none (self-governing overseas administrative division of Denmark)

Diplomatic representation from the US:

none (self-governing overseas administrative division of Denmark)

Flag description:

white with a red cross outlined in blue extending to the edges of

the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted toward the hoist

side in the style of the Dannebrog (Danish flag)

Economy Faroe Islands

Economy - overview:

The Faroese economy has had a strong performance since 1994, mostly

as a result of increasing fish landings and high and stable export

prices. Unemployment is falling and there are signs of labor

shortages in several sectors. The positive economic development has

helped the Faroese Home Rule Government produce increasing budget

surpluses, which in turn help to reduce the large public debt, most

of it owed to Denmark. However, the total dependence on fishing

makes the Faroese economy extremely vulnerable, and the present

fishing efforts appear in excess of what is a sustainable level of

fishing in the long term. Oil finds close to the Faroese area give

hope for deposits in the immediate Faroese area, which may

eventually lay the basis for a more diversified economy and thus

lessen dependence on Danish economic assistance. Aided by a

substantial annual subsidy (15% of GDP) from Denmark, the Faroese

have a standard of living not far below the Danes and other

Scandinavians.

GDP:

purchasing power parity - $1 billion (2001 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:

10% (2001 est.)

GDP - per capita:

purchasing power parity - $22,000 (2001 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 27% industry: 11% services: 62% (1999)

Population below poverty line:

Household income or consumption by percentage share:

lowest 10%: NA

highest 10%: NA

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

5.1% (1999)

Labor force:

24,250 (October 2000)

Labor force - by occupation: fishing, fish processing, and manufacturing 33%, construction and private services 33%, public services 34%

Unemployment rate:

1% (October 2000)

Budget:

revenues: $488 million

expenditures: $484 million, including capital expenditures of $21

million (1999)

Agriculture - products:

milk, potatoes, vegetables; sheep; salmon, other fish

Industries:

fishing, fish processing, shipbuilding, construction, handicrafts

Industrial production growth rate:

8% (1999 est.)

Electricity - production:

160.4 million kWh (2001)

Electricity - consumption:

149.1 million kWh (2001)

Electricity - exports:

0 kWh (2001)

Electricity - imports:

0 kWh (2001)

Oil - production:

0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:

4,500 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:

NA (2001)

Oil - imports:

NA (2001)

Exports:

$408 million f.o.b. (2002)

Exports - commodities:

fish and fish products 94%, stamps, ships (1999)

Exports - partners:

Denmark 36.7%, UK 32.1%, Netherlands 6.1%, Nigeria 5.6%, Norway

5.4% (2003)

Imports:

$466 million c.i.f. (2002)

Imports - commodities:

machinery and transport equipment 29%, consumer goods 36%, raw

materials and semi-manufactures 32%, fuels, fish and salt (1999)

Imports - partners:

Denmark 52.7%, Norway 22.5%, Iceland 4.7%, Germany 4.2%, UK 4%

(2003)

Debt - external:

$64 million (1999)

Economic aid - recipient:

$135 million (annual subsidy from Denmark) (1998)

Currency:

Danish krone (DKK)

Currency code:

DKK

Exchange rates:

Danish kroner per US dollar - 6.5877 (2003), 7.89 (2002), 8.323

(2001), 8.083 (2000), 6.976 (1999)

Fiscal year:

calendar year

Communications Faroe Islands

Telephones - main lines in use:

23,000 (2002)

Telephones - mobile cellular:

30,700 (2002)

Telephone system:

general assessment: good international communications; good

domestic facilities

domestic: digitalization was completed in 1998; both NMT (analog)

and GSM (digital) mobile telephone systems are installed

international: country code - 298; satellite earth stations - 1

Orion; 1 fiber-optic submarine cable to the Shetland Islands,

linking the Faroe Islands with Denmark and Iceland; fiber-optic

submarine cable connection to Canada-Europe cable

Radio broadcast stations:

AM 1, FM 13, shortwave 0 (1998)

Radios:

26,000 (1997)

Television broadcast stations:

3 (plus 43 low-power repeaters) (September 1995)

Televisions:

15,000 (1997)

Internet country code:

.fo

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):

2 (2000)

Internet users:

25,000 (2002)

Transportation Faroe Islands

Highways: total: 463 km paved: 454 km unpaved: 9 km (1999)

Ports and harbors:

Torshavn, Klaksvik, Tvoroyri, Runavik, Fuglafjordhur

Merchant marine:

total: 7 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 24,051 GRT/11,998 DWT

by type: cargo 3, container 1, petroleum tanker 1, roll on/roll off

1, short-sea/passenger 1

registered in other countries: 1 (2004 est.)

foreign-owned: Denmark 2, Norway 1, United Kingdom 1

Airports:

1 (2003 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Military Faroe Islands

Military branches:

no regular military forces

Military expenditures - dollar figure:

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:

Military - note:

defense is the responsibility of Denmark

Transnational Issues Faroe Islands

Disputes - international:

Faroese are considering proposals for full independence; Denmark

dispute with Iceland over the Faroe Islands fisheries median line

boundary of 200 nm; Denmark disputes with Iceland, the UK, and

Ireland the Faroe Islands claim extending its continental shelf

boundary beyond 200 nm

This page was last updated on 10 February, 2005

======================================================================

@Fiji

Introduction Fiji

Background:

Fiji became independent in 1970, after nearly a century as a

British colony. Democratic rule was interrupted by two military

coups in 1987, caused by concern over a government perceived as

dominated by the Indian community (descendants of contract laborers

brought to the islands by the British in the 19th century). A 1990

constitution favored native Melanesian control of Fiji, but led to

heavy Indian emigration; the population loss resulted in economic

difficulties, but ensured that Melanesians became the majority.

Amendments enacted in 1997 made the constitution more equitable.

Free and peaceful elections in 1999 resulted in a government led by

an Indo-Fijian, but a coup in May 2000 ushered in a prolonged period

of political turmoil. Parliamentary elections held in August 2001

provided Fiji with a democratically elected government and gave a

mandate to the government of Prime Minister Laisenia QARASE.

Geography Fiji

Location:

Oceania, island group in the South Pacific Ocean, about two-thirds

of the way from Hawaii to New Zealand

Geographic coordinates:

18 00 S, 175 00 E

Map references:

Oceania

Area:

total: 18,270 sq km

water: 0 sq km

land: 18,270 sq km

Area - comparative:

slightly smaller than New Jersey

Land boundaries:

0 km

Coastline:

1,129 km

Maritime claims:

measured from claimed archipelagic straight baselines

continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation;

rectilinear shelf claim added

exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

territorial sea: 12 nm

Climate:

tropical marine; only slight seasonal temperature variation

Terrain:

mostly mountains of volcanic origin

Elevation extremes:

lowest point: Pacific Ocean 0 m

highest point: Tomanivi 1,324 m

Natural resources:

timber, fish, gold, copper, offshore oil potential, hydropower

Land use: arable land: 10.95% permanent crops: 4.65% other: 84.4% (2001)

Irrigated land:

30 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:

cyclonic storms can occur from November to January

Environment - current issues:

deforestation; soil erosion

Environment - international agreements:

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto

Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea,

Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Tropical Timber

83, Tropical Timber 94

signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography - note:

includes 332 islands of which approximately 110 are inhabited

People Fiji

Population:

880,874 (July 2004 est.)

Age structure:

0–14 years: 31.7% (male 142,412; female 136,754)

15–64 years: 64.3% (male 283,690; female 283,027)

65 years and over: 4% (male 16,047; female 18,944) (2004 est.)

Median age:

total: 24 years

male: 23.6 years

female: 24.4 years (2004 est.)

Population growth rate:

1.41% (2004 est.)

Birth rate:

22.91 births/1,000 population (2004 est.)

Death rate:

5.68 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)

Net migration rate:

−3.14 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2004 est.)

Sex ratio:

at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female

15–64 years: 1 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.85 male(s)/female

total population: 1.01 male(s)/female (2004 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

total: 12.99 deaths/1,000 live births

female: 11.54 deaths/1,000 live births (2004 est.)

male: 14.36 deaths/1,000 live births

Life expectancy at birth:

total population: 69.2 years

male: 66.74 years

female: 71.79 years (2004 est.)

Total fertility rate:

2.78 children born/woman (2004 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:

0.1% (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:

600 (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:

less than 200 (2003 est.)

Nationality:

noun: Fijian(s)

adjective: Fijian

Ethnic groups:

Fijian 51% (predominantly Melanesian with a Polynesian admixture),

Indian 44%, European, other Pacific Islanders, overseas Chinese, and

other 5% (1998 est.)

Religions:

Christian 52% (Methodist 37%, Roman Catholic 9%), Hindu 38%, Muslim

8%, other 2%

note: Fijians are mainly Christian, Indians are Hindu, and there is

a Muslim minority (1986)

Languages:

English (official), Fijian, Hindustani

Literacy:

definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 93.7%

male: 95.5%

female: 91.9% (2003 est.)

Government Fiji

Country name:

conventional long form: Republic of the Fiji Islands

conventional short form: Fiji

Government type:

republic

note: military coup leader Maj. Gen. Sitiveni RABUKA formally

declared Fiji a republic on 6 October 1987

Capital:

Suva (Viti Levu)

Administrative divisions:

4 divisions and 1 dependency*; Central, Eastern, Northern, Rotuma*,

Western

Independence:

10 October 1970 (from UK)

National holiday:

Independence Day, second Monday of October (1970)

Constitution:

promulgated on 25 July 1990 and amended on 25 July 1997 to allow

nonethnic Fijians greater say in government and to make multiparty

government mandatory; entered into force 28 July 1998; note - the

May 1999 election was the first test of the amended constitution and

introduced open voting - not racially prescribed - for the first

time at the national level

Legal system:

based on British system

Suffrage:

21 years of age; universal

Executive branch:

chief of state: President Ratu Josefa ILOILOVATU Uluivuda (since 18

July 2000)

head of government: Prime Minister Laisenia QARASE (since 10

September 2000)

cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the prime minister from among the

members of Parliament and is responsible to Parliament; note - there

is also a Presidential Council that advises the president on matters

of national importance and a Great Council of Chiefs, which consists

of the highest ranking members of the traditional chief system

elections: president elected by the Great Council of Chiefs for a

five-year term; prime minister appointed by the president

election results: Ratu Josefa ILOILOVATU Uluivuda elected president

by the Great Council of Chiefs; percent of vote - NA%

Legislative branch:

bicameral Parliament consists of the Senate (34 seats; 24 appointed

by the President on the advice of the Great Council of Chiefs, nine

appointed by the president, and one appointed by the council of

Rotuma) and the House of Representatives (71 seats; 23 reserved for

ethnic Fijians, 19 reserved for ethnic Indians, three reserved for

other ethnic groups, one reserved for the council of Rotuma

constituency encompassing the whole of Fiji, and 25 open seats;

members serve five-year terms)

elections: House of Representatives - last held 25 August through 1

September, 19 September 2001 (next to be held not later than

September 2006)

election results: House of Representatives - percent of vote by

party - FLP 26.5%, SDL 27.5%, NFP 1.2%, MV 4.2%, NLUP 1.3%, UGP .3%,

independents 1.4%; seats by party - FLP 27, SDL 32, MV 6, NFP 1,

NLUP 2, UGP 1, independents 2

Judicial branch:

Supreme Court (judges are appointed by the president); Court of

Appeal; High Court; Magistrates' Courts

Political parties and leaders:

Bai Kei Viti Party or BKV [Ratu Tevita MOMOEDONU]; Conservative

Alliance Party/Matanitu Vanua or MV [Ratu Rakuita VAKALALABURE];

Dodonu Ni Taukei Party or DNT [Fereti S. DEWA]; Fiji Democratic

Party or FDP [Felipe BOLE] (a merger of the Christian Democrat

Alliance or VLV [Poesci Waqalevu BUNE], Fijian Association Party or

FAP [Adi Kuini SPEED], Fijian Political Party or SVT (primarily

Fijian) [Felipe BOLE], and New Labor Unity Party or NLUP [Tupeni

BABA]); Fiji Labor Party or FLP [Mahendra CHAUDRHRY]; General Voters

Party or GVP [leader NA] (became part of United General Party);

Girmit Heritage Party or GHP [leader NA]; Justice and Freedom Party

or AIM [leader NA]; Lio 'On Famor Rotuma Party or LFR [leader NA];

National Federation Party or NFP (primarily Indian) [Pramond RAE];

Nationalist Vanua Takolavo Party or NVTLP [Saula TELAWA]; Party of

National Unity or PANU [Meli BOGILEKA]; Party of the Truth or POTT

[leader NA]; United Fiji Party/Sogosogo Duavata ni Lewenivanua or

SDL [Laisenia QARASE]; United General Party or UGP [Millis Mick

BEDDOES]

Political pressure groups and leaders:

International organization participation:

ACP, AsDB, C, CP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA,

IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, ISO

(correspondent), ITU, MIGA, OPCW, PCA, PIF, Sparteca, UN, UNCTAD,

UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMIK, UNMISET, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO,

WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US:

chief of mission: Mr. Paula NAVUNISARAVI (Charge D'Affaires ad

Interim)

FAX: [1] (202) 337–1996

telephone: [1] (202) 337–8320

chancery: 2233 Wisconsin Avenue NW, Suite 240, Washington, DC 20007

Diplomatic representation from the US:

chief of mission: Ambassador David L. LYON

embassy: 31 Loftus Street, Suva

mailing address: P. O. Box 218, Suva

telephone: [679] 331–4466

FAX: [679] 330–0081

Flag description:

light blue with the flag of the UK in the upper hoist-side quadrant

and the Fijian shield centered on the outer half of the flag; the

shield depicts a yellow lion above a white field quartered by the

cross of Saint George featuring stalks of sugarcane, a palm tree,

bananas, and a white dove

Economy Fiji

Economy - overview:

Fiji, endowed with forest, mineral, and fish resources, is one of

the most developed of the Pacific island economies, though still

with a large subsistence sector. Sugar exports and a growing tourist

industry - with 300,000 to 400,000 tourists annually - are the major

sources of foreign exchange. Sugar processing makes up one-third of

industrial activity. Long-term problems include low investment,

uncertain land ownership rights, and the government's ability to

manage its budget. Yet short-run economic prospects are good,

provided tensions do not again erupt between indigenous Fijians and

Indo-Fijians.

GDP:

purchasing power parity - $5.012 billion (2003 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:

4.8% (2003 est.)

GDP - per capita:

purchasing power parity - $5,800 (2003 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 16.6% industry: 22.4% services: 61% (2001 est.)

Population below poverty line:

25.5% (1990–91)

Household income or consumption by percentage share:

lowest 10%: NA

highest 10%: NA

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

1.6% (2002 est.)

Labor force:

137,000 (1999)

Labor force - by occupation:

agriculture, including subsistence agriculture 70% (2001 est.)

Unemployment rate:

7.6% (1999)

Budget:

revenues: $427.9 million

expenditures: $531.4 million, including capital expenditures of NA

(2000 est.)

Agriculture - products:

sugarcane, coconuts, cassava (tapioca), rice, sweet potatoes,

bananas; cattle, pigs, horses, goats; fish

Industries:

tourism, sugar, clothing, copra, gold, silver, lumber, small

cottage industries

Industrial production growth rate:

Electricity - production:

520.1 million kWh (2001)

Electricity - consumption:

483.7 million kWh (2001)

Electricity - exports:

0 kWh (2001)

Electricity - imports:

0 kWh (2001)

Oil - production:

0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:

5,700 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:

NA (2001)

Oil - imports:

NA (2001)

Exports:

$609 million f.o.b. (2002)

Exports - commodities:

sugar, garments, gold, timber, fish, molasses, coconut oil

Exports - partners:

US 23.7%, Australia 18.4%, UK 13.6%, Samoa 6%, Japan 4.8% (2003)

Imports:

$835 million c.i.f. (2002)

Imports - commodities:

manufactured goods, machinery and transport equipment, petroleum

products, food, chemicals

Imports - partners:

Australia 35.1%, Singapore 19.2%, New Zealand 17.2%, Japan 4.9%

(2003)

Debt - external:

$188.1 million (2001 est.)

Economic aid - recipient:

$40.3 million (1995)

Currency:

Fijian dollar (FJD)

Currency code:

FJD

Exchange rates:

Fijian dollars per US dollar - 1.8958 (2003), 2.1869 (2002), 2.2766

(2001), 2.1286 (2000), 1.9696 (1999)

Fiscal year:

calendar year

Communications Fiji

Telephones - main lines in use:

102,000 (2003)

Telephones - mobile cellular:

109,900 (2003)

Telephone system:

general assessment: modern local, interisland, and international

(wire/radio integrated) public and special-purpose telephone,

telegraph, and teleprinter facilities; regional radio communications

center

domestic: NA

international: country code - 679; access to important cable links

between US and Canada as well as between NZ and Australia; satellite

earth station - 1 Intelsat (Pacific Ocean)

Radio broadcast stations:

AM 13, FM 40, shortwave 0 (1998)

Radios:

541,476 (1999)

Television broadcast stations:

Televisions:

88,110 (1999)

Internet country code:

.fj

Internet hosts:

493 (2003)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):

2 (2000)

Internet users:

55,000 (2003)

Transportation Fiji

Railways:

total: 597 km

narrow gauge: 597 km 0.600-m gauge

note: belongs to the government-owned Fiji Sugar Corporation; used

to haul sugarcane during harvest season (May to December) (2003)

Highways:

total: 3,440 km

paved: 1,692 km

unpaved: 1,748 km (1999 est.)

Waterways:

203 km

note: 122 km navigable by motorized craft and 200-metric-ton barges

(2004)

Ports and harbors:

Lambasa, Lautoka, Levuka, Malau, Savusavu, Suva, Vuda

Merchant marine:

total: 2 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 6,372 GRT/7,453 DWT

foreign-owned: Australia 1, Singapore 1 (2004 est.)

by type: chemical tanker 1, passenger 1

Airports:

28 (2003 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 3 over 3,047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 25 914 to 1,523 m: 6 under 914 m: 19 (2004 est.)

Military Fiji

Military branches:

Republic of Fiji Military Forces (RFMF): Land Forces, Naval Division

Military manpower - military age and obligation:

18 years of age for voluntary military service (2001)

Military manpower - availability:

males age 15–49: 239,221 (2004 est.)

Military manpower - fit for military service:

males age 15–49: 131,349 (2004 est.)

Military manpower - reaching military age annually:

males: 9,302 (2004 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:

$34 million (2003)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:

2.2% (FY02)

Transnational Issues Fiji

Disputes - international: none

This page was last updated on 10 February, 2005

======================================================================

@Finland

Introduction Finland

Background:

Finland was a province and then a grand duchy under Sweden from the

12th to the 19th centuries and an autonomous grand duchy of Russia

after 1809. It won its complete independence in 1917. During World

War II, it was able to successfully defend its freedom and resist

invasions by the Soviet Union - albeit with some loss of territory.

In the subsequent half century, the Finns made a remarkable

transformation from a farm/forest economy to a diversified modern

industrial economy; per capita income is now on par with Western

Europe. As a member of the European Union, Finland was the only

Nordic state to join the euro system at its initiation in January

1999.

Geography Finland

Location:

Northern Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea, Gulf of Bothnia, and

Gulf of Finland, between Sweden and Russia

Geographic coordinates:

64 00 N, 26 00 E

Map references:

Europe

Area:

total: 338,145 sq km

water: 33,672 sq km

land: 304,473 sq km

Area - comparative:

slightly smaller than Montana

Land boundaries: total: 2,690 km border countries: Norway 736 km, Sweden 614 km, Russia 1,340 km

Coastline:

1,250 km

Maritime claims:

territorial sea: 12 nm (in the Gulf of Finland - 3 nm)

continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

exclusive fishing zone: 12 nm; extends to continental shelf boundary

with Sweden

Climate:

cold temperate; potentially subarctic but comparatively mild

because of moderating influence of the North Atlantic Current,

Baltic Sea, and more than 60,000 lakes

Terrain:

mostly low, flat to rolling plains interspersed with lakes and low

hills

Elevation extremes:

lowest point: Baltic Sea 0 m

highest point: Halti 1,328 m

Natural resources:

timber, iron ore, copper, lead, zinc, chromite, nickel, gold,

silver, limestone

Land use: arable land: 7.19% permanent crops: 0.03% other: 92.78% (2001)

Irrigated land:

640 sq km (1998 est.)

Natural hazards:

Environment - current issues: air pollution from manufacturing and power plants contributing to acid rain; water pollution from industrial wastes, agricultural chemicals; habitat loss threatens wildlife populations

Environment - international agreements:

party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air

Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile

Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol,

Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity,

Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification,

Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes,

Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone

Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical

Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants

Geography - note:

long boundary with Russia; Helsinki is northernmost national

capital on European continent; population concentrated on small

southwestern coastal plain

People Finland

Population:

5,214,512 (July 2004 est.)

Age structure:

0–14 years: 17.5% (male 466,036; female 448,339)

15–64 years: 66.7% (male 1,760,472; female 1,719,917)

65 years and over: 15.7% (male 323,082; female 496,666) (2004 est.)

Median age:

total: 40.7 years

male: 39.1 years

female: 42.2 years (2004 est.)

Population growth rate:

0.18% (2004 est.)

Birth rate:

10.56 births/1,000 population (2004 est.)

Death rate:

9.69 deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.)

Net migration rate:

0.95 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2004 est.)

Sex ratio:

at birth: 1.04 male(s)/female

under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female

15–64 years: 1.02 male(s)/female

65 years and over: 0.65 male(s)/female

total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2004 est.)

Infant mortality rate:

total: 3.59 deaths/1,000 live births

female: 3.26 deaths/1,000 live births (2004 est.)

male: 3.91 deaths/1,000 live births

Life expectancy at birth:

total population: 78.24 years

male: 74.73 years

female: 81.89 years (2004 est.)

Total fertility rate:

1.73 children born/woman (2004 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:

less than 0.1% (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:

1,500 (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths:

less than 100 (2003 est.)

Nationality:

noun: Finn(s)

adjective: Finnish

Ethnic groups:

Finn 93.4%, Swede 5.7%, Russian 0.4%, Estonian 0.2%, Roma 0.2%,

Sami 0.1%

Religions:

Evangelical Lutheran 89%, Russian Orthodox 1%, none 9%, other 1%

Languages:

Finnish 93.4% (official), Swedish 5.9% (official), small Sami- and

Russian-speaking minorities

Literacy:

definition: age 15 and over can read and write

total population: 100% (2000 est.)

male: NA

female: NA

Government Finland

Country name:

conventional long form: Republic of Finland

conventional short form: Finland

local short form: Suomi

local long form: Suomen Tasavalta

Government type:

republic

Capital:

Helsinki

Administrative divisions:

6 provinces (laanit, singular - laani); Aland, Etela-Suomen Laani,

Ita-Suomen Laani, Lansi-Suomen Laani, Lappi, Oulun Laani

Independence:

6 December 1917 (from Russia)

National holiday:

Independence Day, 6 December (1917)

Constitution:

1 March 2000

Legal system:

civil law system based on Swedish law; the president may request

the Supreme Court to review laws; accepts compulsory ICJ

jurisdiction, with reservations

Suffrage:

18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:

chief of state: President Tarja HALONEN (since 1 March 2000)

head of government: Prime Minister Matti VANHANEN (since 24 June

2003) and Deputy Prime Minister Antti KALLIOMAKI (since 17 April

2003); note - former Prime Minister Anneli JAATTEENMAKI resigned

cabinet: Council of State or Valtioneuvosto appointed by the

president, responsible to Parliament

elections: president elected by popular vote for a six-year term;

election last held 16 January 2000 and 6 February 2000 (next to be

held February 2006); the president appoints the prime minister and

deputy prime minister from the majority party or the majority

coalition after Parliamentary elections and the Parliament must

approve the appointment

note: government coalition - KESK, SDP, and SFP

election results: Tarja HALONEN elected president; percent of vote -

Tarja HALONEN (SDP) 51.6%, Esko AHO (Kesk) 48.4%

Legislative branch:

unicameral Parliament or Eduskunta (200 seats; members are elected

by popular vote on a proportional basis to serve four-year terms)

election results: percent of vote by party - Kesk 24.7%, SDP 24.5%,

Kok 18.5%, VAS 9.9%, VIHR 8%, KD 5.3%, SFP 4.6%; seats by party -

Kesk 55, SDP 53, Kok 40, VAS 19, VIHR 14, KD 7, SFP 8, others 4

elections: last held 16 March 2003 (next to be held NA March 2007)

Judicial branch:

Supreme Court or Korkein Oikeus (judges appointed by the president)

Political parties and leaders:

Center Party or Kesk [Matti VANHANEN]; Christian Democrats or KD

[Paivi RASANEN]; Green League or VIHR [Osmo SOININVAARA]; Left

Alliance or VAS composed of People's Democratic League and

Democratic Alternative [Suvi-Anne SIIMES]; National Coalition

(conservative) Party or Kok [Jyrki KATAINEN]; Social Democratic

Party or SDP [Paavo LIPPONEN]; Swedish People's Party or SFP

[Jan-Erik ENESTAM]

International organization participation:

AfDB, AsDB, Australia Group, BIS, CBSS, CE, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, EIB,

EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, G- 9, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICFTU,

ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC,

IOM, ISO, ITU, MIGA, NAM (guest), NC, NEA, NIB, NSG, OAS (observer),

OECD, OPCW, OSCE, Paris Club, PCA, PFP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP,

UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMEE, UNMIK, UNMIL, UNMOGIP, UNTSO, UPU, WCO, WEU

(observer), WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

Diplomatic representation in the US:

chief of mission: Ambassador Jukka Robert VALTASAARI

consulate(s) general: Los Angeles and New York

FAX: [1] (202) 298–6030

telephone: [1] (202) 298–5800

chancery: 3301 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008

Diplomatic representation from the US:

chief of mission: Ambassador Earle I. MACK

embassy: Itainen Puistotie 14B, FIN-00140, Helsinki

mailing address: APO AE 09723

telephone: [358] (9) 616250

FAX: [358] (9) 6162 5800

Flag description:

white with a blue cross extending to the edges of the flag; the

vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in the style

of the Dannebrog (Danish flag)

Economy Finland

Economy - overview:

Finland has a highly industrialized, largely free-market economy,

with per capita output roughly that of the UK, France, Germany, and

Italy. Its key economic sector is manufacturing - principally the

wood, metals, engineering, telecommunications, and electronics

industries. Trade is important, with exports equaling one-third of

GDP. Except for timber and several minerals, Finland depends on

imports of raw materials, energy, and some components for

manufactured goods. Because of the climate, agricultural development

is limited to maintaining self-sufficiency in basic products.

Forestry, an important export earner, provides a secondary

occupation for the rural population. Rapidly increasing integration

with Western Europe - Finland was one of the 12 countries joining

the European Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) - will dominate the

economic picture over the next several years. Growth in 2003 was

held back by the global slowdown but will pick up in 2004 provided

the world economy suffers no further blows.

GDP:

purchasing power parity - $142.2 billion (2003 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:

1.9% (2003 est.)

GDP - per capita:

purchasing power parity - $27,400 (2003 est.)

GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 4.3% industry: 32.7% services: 62.9% (2003 est.)

Investment (gross fixed):

18% of GDP (2003)

Population below poverty line:

Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 4.2% highest 10%: 21.6% (1991)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:

25.6 (1991)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

0.9% (2003 est.)

Labor force:

2.599 million (2003 est.)

Labor force - by occupation: agriculture and forestry 8%, industry 22%, construction 6%, commerce 14%, finance, insurance, and business services 10%, transport and communications 8%, public services 32%

Unemployment rate:

9% (2003 est.)

Budget:

revenues: $87.03 billion

expenditures: $81.62 billion, including capital expenditures of NA

(2003 est.)

Public debt:

48.7% of GDP (2003)

Agriculture - products:

barley, wheat, sugar beets, potatoes; dairy cattle; fish

Industries:

metal products, electronics, shipbuilding, pulp and paper, copper

refining, foodstuffs, chemicals, textiles, clothing

Industrial production growth rate:

0.8% (2003 est.)

Electricity - production:

71.2 billion kWh (2001)

Electricity - consumption:

76.18 billion kWh (2001)

Electricity - exports:

1.81 billion kWh (2001)

Electricity - imports:

11.77 billion kWh (2001)

Oil - production:

0 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption:

211,400 bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports:

101,000 bbl/day (2001)

Oil - imports:

318,300 bbl/day (2001)

Natural gas - production:

0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:

4.557 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - exports:

0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - imports:

4.567 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Current account balance:

$10.3 billion (2003)

Exports:

$54.28 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)

Exports - commodities:

machinery and equipment, chemicals, metals; timber, paper, pulp

(1999)

Exports - partners:

Germany 11.8%, Sweden 9.9%, US 8.2%, UK 8%, Russia 7.5%,

Netherlands 4.8% (2003)

Imports:

$37.35 billion f.o.b. (2003 est.)

Imports - commodities:

foodstuffs, petroleum and petroleum products, chemicals, transport

equipment, iron and steel, machinery, textile yarn and fabrics,

grains (1999)

Imports - partners:

Germany 16.2%, Sweden 14.1%, Russia 11.7%, Netherlands 6.3%,

Denmark 5.7%, UK 5.3%, France 4.3% (2003)

Reserves of foreign exchange & gold:

$11.17 billion (2003)

Debt - external:

$30 billion (December 1993)

Economic aid - donor:

ODA, $379 million (2001)

Currency:

euro (EUR)

note: on 1 January 1999, the European Monetary Union introduced the

euro as a common currency to be used by financial institutions of

member countries; on 1 January 2002, the euro became the sole

currency for everyday transactions within the member countries

Currency code:

EUR

Exchange rates:

euros per US dollar - 0.886 (2003), 1.0626 (2002), 1.1175 (2001),

1.0854 (2000), 0.9386 (1999)

Fiscal year:

calendar year

Communications Finland

Telephones - main lines in use:

2.548 million (2003)

Telephones - mobile cellular:

4.7 million (2003)

Telephone system:

general assessment: modern system with excellent service

domestic: digital fiber-optic fixed-line network and an extensive

cellular network provide domestic needs

international: country code - 358; 1 submarine cable (Finland

Estonia Connection); satellite earth stations - access to Intelsat

transmission service via a Swedish satellite earth station, 1

Inmarsat (Atlantic and Indian Ocean regions); note - Finland shares

the Inmarsat earth station with the other Nordic countries (Denmark,

Iceland, Norway, and Sweden)

Radio broadcast stations:

AM 2, FM 186, shortwave 1 (1998)

Radios:

7.7 million (1997)

Television broadcast stations:

120 (plus 431 repeaters) (1999)

Televisions:

3.2 million (1997)

Internet country code:

.fi

Internet hosts:

1,219,173 (2004)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs):

3 (2002)

Internet users:

2.65 million (2002)

Transportation Finland

Railways: total: 5,851 km broad gauge: 5,851 km 1.524-m gauge (2,400 km electrified) (2003)

Highways:

total: 78,137 km

paved: 50,398 km (including 750 km of expressways)

unpaved: 27,739 km (2003)

Waterways:

7,842 km

note: includes Saimaa Canal system of 3,577 km; southern part leased

from Russia (2004)

Pipelines:

gas 694 km (2004)

Ports and harbors:

Hamina, Helsinki, Kokkola, Kotka, Loviisa, Oulu, Pori, Rauma,

Turku, Uusikaupunki, Varkaus

Merchant marine:

total: 90 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 1,152,175 GRT/1,053,906 DWT

registered in other countries: 39 (2004 est.)

by type: bulk 9, cargo 26, chemical tanker 5, container 1, passenger

2, petroleum tanker 9, roll on/roll off 28, short-sea/passenger 10

foreign-owned: Estonia 1

Airports:

148 (2003 est.)

Airports - with paved runways: total: 75 over 3,047 m: 2 2,438 to 3,047 m: 27 1,524 to 2,437 m: 10 914 to 1,523 m: 23 under 914 m: 13 (2004 est.)

Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 73 914 to 1,523 m: 4 under 914 m: 69 (2004 est.)

Military Finland

Military branches:

Army, Navy, Air Force

Military manpower - military age and obligation:

18 years of age for voluntary and compulsory military service

(October 2004)

Military manpower - availability:

males age 15–49: 1,226,890 (2004 est.)

Military manpower - fit for military service:

males age 15–49: 1,013,961 (2004 est.)

Military manpower - reaching military age annually:

males: 32,058 (2004 est.)

Military expenditures - dollar figure:

$1.8 billion (FY98/99)

Military expenditures - percent of GDP:

2% (FY98/99)

Transnational Issues Finland

Disputes - international: none

This page was last updated on 10 February, 2005

======================================================================

@France

Introduction France

Background:

Although ultimately a victor in World Wars I and II, France

suffered extensive losses in its empire, wealth, manpower, and rank

as a dominant nation-state. Nevertheless, France today is one of the

most modern countries in the world and is a leader among European

nations. Since 1958, it has constructed a presidential democracy

resistant to the instabilities experienced in earlier parliamentary

democracies. In recent years, its reconciliation and cooperation

with Germany have proved central to the economic integration of

Europe, including the introduction of a common exchange currency,

the euro, in January 1999. At present, France is at the forefront of

efforts to develop the EU's military capabilities to supplement

progress toward an EU foreign policy.

Geography France

Location:

Western Europe, bordering the Bay of Biscay and English Channel,

between Belgium and Spain, southeast of the UK; bordering the

Mediterranean Sea, between Italy and Spain

Geographic coordinates:

46 00 N, 2 00 E

Map references:

Europe

Area:

total: 547,030 sq km

land: 545,630 sq km

note: includes only metropolitan France; excludes the overseas

administrative divisions

water: 1,400 sq km

Area - comparative:

slightly less than twice the size of Colorado

Land boundaries:

total: 2,889 km

border countries: Andorra 56.6 km, Belgium 620 km, Germany 451 km,

Italy 488 km, Luxembourg 73 km, Monaco 4.4 km, Spain 623 km,

Switzerland 573 km

Coastline:

3,427 km

Maritime claims: territorial sea: 12 nm continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm (does not apply to the Mediterranean)

Climate:

generally cool winters and mild summers, but mild winters and hot

summers along the Mediterranean; occasional strong, cold, dry,

north-to-northwesterly wind known as mistral

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