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Nationality:

noun: Albanian(s) adjective: Albanian

Ethnic groups:

Albanian 95%, Greek 3%, other 2% (Vlach, Roma (Gypsy), Serb, Macedonian, Bulgarian) (1989 est.) note: in 1989, other estimates of the Greek population ranged from 1% (official Albanian statistics) to 12% (from a Greek organization)

Religions:

Muslim 70%, Albanian Orthodox 20%, Roman Catholic 10% note: percentages are estimates; there are no available current statistics on religious affiliation; all mosques and churches were closed in 1967 and religious observances prohibited; in November 1990, Albania began allowing private religious practice

Languages:

Albanian (official - derived from Tosk dialect), Greek, Vlach,

Romani, Slavic dialects

Literacy:

definition: age 9 and over can read and write total population: 98.7% male: 99.2% female: 98.3% (2001 census)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education):

total: 11 years male: 11 years female: 11 years (2004)

Education expenditures:

2.9% of GDP (2002)

Government

Albania

Country name:

conventional long form: Republic of Albania conventional short form: Albania local long form: Republika e Shqiperise local short form: Shqiperia former: People's Socialist Republic of Albania

Government type:

emerging democracy

Capital:

name: Tirana (Tirane) geographic coordinates: 41 19 N, 19 49 E time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time) daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October

Administrative divisions:

12 counties (qarqe, singular - qark); Berat, Diber, Durres, Elbasan, Fier, Gjirokaster, Korce, Kukes, Lezhe, Shkoder, Tirane, Vlore

Independence:

28 November 1912 (from the Ottoman Empire)

National holiday:

Independence Day, 28 November (1912)

Constitution:

adopted by popular referendum on 22 November 1998; promulgated 28 November 1998

Legal system:

has a civil law system; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction; has accepted jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court for its citizens

Suffrage:

18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:

chief of state: President of the Republic Bamir TOPI (since 24 July 2007) head of government: Prime Minister Sali BERISHA (since 10 September 2005) cabinet: Council of Ministers proposed by the prime minister, nominated by the president, and approved by parliament elections: president elected by the People's Assembly for a five-year term (eligible for a second term); four election rounds held between 8 and 20 July 2007 (next election to be held in 2012); prime minister appointed by the president election results: Bamir TOPI elected president; People's Assembly vote, fourth round (three-fifths majority (84 votes) required): Bamir TOPI 85 votes, Neritan CEKA 5 votes

Legislative branch:

unicameral Assembly or Kuvendi (140 seats; 100 members are elected by direct popular vote and 40 by proportional vote to serve four-year terms) elections: last held 3 July 2005 (next to be held in 2009) election results: percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - PD 56, PS 42, PR 11, PSD 7, LSI 5, other 19

Judicial branch:

Constitutional Court, Supreme Court (chairman is elected by the People's Assembly for a four-year term), and multiple appeals and district courts

Political parties and leaders:

Agrarian Environmentalist Party or PAA [Lufter XHUVELI]; Christian

Democratic Party or PDK [Nard NDOKA]; Communist Party of Albania or

PKSH [Hysni MILLOSHI]; Democratic Alliance Party or AD [Neritan

CEKA]; Democratic Party or PD [Sali BERISHA]; Legality Movement

Party or PLL [Ekrem SPAHIA]; Liberal Union Party or BLD [Arjan

STAROVA]; Movement for National Development or LZhK [Dashamir

SHEHI]; National Front Party (Balli Kombetar) or PBK [Artur ROSHI];

New Democratic Party or PDR [Genc POLLO]; Party of National Unity or

PUK [Idajet BEQIRI]; Republican Party or PR [Fatmir MEDIU]; Social

Democracy Party of Albania or PDSSh [Paskal MILO]; Social Democratic

Party or PSD [Skender GJINUSHI]; Socialist Movement for Integration

or LSI [Ilir META]; Socialist Party or PS [Edi RAMA]; Union for

Human Rights Party or PBDNj [Vangjel DULE]

Political pressure groups and leaders:

Citizens Advocacy Office [Kreshnik SPAHIU]; Confederation of Trade

Unions of Albania or KSSH [Kastriot MUCO]; Front for Albanian

National Unification or FBKSH [Gafur ADILI]; Mjaft Movement; Omonia

[Jani JANI]; Union of Independent Trade Unions of Albania or BSPSH

[Gezim KALAJA]

International organization participation:

BSEC, CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, IDA,

IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO

(correspondent), ITU, ITUC, MIGA, OIC, OIF, OPCW, OSCE, PFP, SECI,

UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNOMIG, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO,

WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in the US:

chief of mission: Ambassador Aleksander SALLABANDA chancery: 2100 S Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 223–4942 FAX: [1] (202) 628–7342

Diplomatic representation from the US:

chief of mission: Ambassador Dr. John L. WITHERS, II embassy: Rruga e Elbasanit, Labinoti #103, Tirana mailing address: US Department of State, 9510 Tirana Place, Dulles, VA 20189–9510 telephone: [355] (4) 2247285 FAX: [355] (4) 2232222

Flag description:

red with a black two-headed eagle in the center

Economy

Albania

Economy - overview:

Lagging behind its Balkan neighbors, Albania is making the difficult transition to a more modern open-market economy. The government has taken measures to curb violent crime, and recently adopted a fiscal reform package aimed at reducing the large gray economy and attracting foreign investment. The economy is bolstered by annual remittances from abroad of $600-$800 million, mostly from Albanians residing in Greece and Italy; this helps offset the towering trade deficit. Agriculture, which accounts for more than one-fifth of GDP, is held back because of lack of modern equipment, unclear property rights, and the prevalence of small, inefficient plots of land. Energy shortages and antiquated and inadequate infrastructure contribute to Albania's poor business environment, which make it difficult to attract and sustain foreign investment. The completion of a new thermal power plant near Vlore and improved transmission line between Albania and Montenegro will help relieve the energy shortages. Also, the government is moving slowly to improve the poor national road and rail network, a long-standing barrier to sustained economic growth. On the positive side, macroeconomic growth was strong in 2003–07 and inflation is low and stable.

GDP (purchasing power parity):

$20.87 billion note: Albania has a large gray economy that may be as large as 50% of official GDP (2007 est.)

GDP (official exchange rate):

$10.62 billion (2007 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:

6% (2007 est.)

GDP - per capita (PPP):

$5,800 (2007 est.)

GDP - composition by sector:

agriculture: 21.2% industry: 20.5% services: 58.3% (2007 est.)

Labor force:

1.09 million (not including 352,000 emigrant workers) (September 2006 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:

agriculture: 58% industry: 15% services: 27% (September 2006 est.)

Unemployment rate:

13.2% official rate, but may exceed 30% due to preponderance of near-subsistence farming (2007 est.)

Population below poverty line:

25% (2004 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share:

lowest 10%: 3.4% highest 10%: 24.4% (2004)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:

26.7 (2005)

Investment (gross fixed):

23.3% of GDP (2007 est.)

Budget:

revenues: $2.782 billion expenditures: $3.155 billion (2007 est.)

Fiscal year:

calendar year

Public debt:

51.4% of GDP (2007 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

2.9% (2007 est.)

Central bank discount rate:

6.25% (31 December 2007)

Commercial bank prime lending rate:

14.1% (31 December 2007)

Stock of money:

$2.707 billion (31 December 2007)

Stock of quasi money:

$6.433 billion (31 December 2007)

Stock of domestic credit:

$7.341 billion (31 December 2007)

Agriculture - products:

wheat, corn, potatoes, vegetables, fruits, sugar beets, grapes; meat, dairy products

Industries:

food processing, textiles and clothing; lumber, oil, cement, chemicals, mining, basic metals, hydropower

Industrial production growth rate:

4% (2007 est.)

Electricity - production:

2.892 billion kWh (2007 est.)

Electricity - consumption:

3.607 billion kWh (2007 est.)

Electricity - exports:

0 kWh (2007 est.)

Electricity - imports:

2.8 billion kWh (2007 est.)

Electricity - production by source:

fossil fuel: 2.9% hydro: 97.1% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001)

Oil - production:

6,425 bbl/day (2007 est.)

Oil - consumption:

30,900 bbl/day (2006 est.)

Oil - exports:

748.9 bbl/day (2005 est.)

Oil - imports:

24,860 bbl/day (2005 est.)

Oil - proved reserves:

199.1 million bbl (1 January 2008 est.)

Natural gas - production:

30 million cu m (2006 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:

30 million cu m (2006 est.)

Natural gas - exports:

0 cu m (2007 est.)

Natural gas - imports:

0 cu m (2007 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves:

849.5 million cu m (1 January 2008 est.)

Current account balance:

-$1.202 billion (2007 est.)

Exports:

$1.076 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Exports - commodities:

textiles and footwear; asphalt, metals and metallic ores, crude oil; vegetables, fruits, tobacco

Exports - partners:

Italy 72%, Greece 8.8%, China 2.7% (2007)

Imports:

$3.999 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)

Imports - commodities:

machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, textiles, chemicals

Imports - partners:

Italy 27.6%, Greece 14.8%, Turkey 7.4%, China 6.8%, Germany 5.6%,

Switzerland 5%, Russia 4.2% (2007)

Economic aid - recipient:

ODA: $318.7 million note: top donors were Italy, EU, Germany (2005 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:

$2.162 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Debt - external:

$1.55 billion (2004)

Market value of publicly traded shares: