Читать книгу The 2009 CIA World Factbook - United States. Central Intelligence Agency - Страница 408

Flag description:

three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and blue, superimposed by the Croatian coat of arms (red and white checkered)

Economy ::Croatia

Economy - overview:

Once one of the wealthiest of the Yugoslav republics, Croatia's economy suffered badly during the 1991–95 war as output collapsed and the country missed the early waves of investment in Central and Eastern Europe that followed the fall of the Berlin Wall. Between 2000 and 2007, however, Croatia's economic fortunes began to improve slowly, with moderate but steady GDP growth between 4% and 6% led by a rebound in tourism and credit-driven consumer spending. Inflation over the same period has remained tame and the currency, the kuna, stable. Nevertheless, difficult problems still remain, including a stubbornly high unemployment rate, a growing trade deficit and uneven regional development. The state retains a large role in the economy, as privatization efforts often meet stiff public and political resistance. While macroeconomic stabilization has largely been achieved, structural reforms lag because of deep resistance on the part of the public and lack of strong support from politicians. The EU accession process should accelerate fiscal and structural reform. While long term growth prospects for the economy remain strong, Croatia will face significant pressure as a result of the global financial crisis. Croatia's high foreign debt, anemic export sector, strained state budget, and over-reliance on tourism revenue will result in higher risk to economic stability over the medium term.

GDP (purchasing power parity):

$82.58 billion (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 73 $80.65 billion (2007 est.)

$76.44 billion (2006 est.)

note: data are in 2008 US dollars

GDP (official exchange rate):

$69.36 billion (2008 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:

2.4% (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 146 5.5% (2007 est.)

4.7% (2006 est.)

GDP - per capita (PPP):

$18,400 (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 67 $17,900 (2007 est.)

$17,000 (2006 est.)

note: data are in 2008 US dollars

GDP - composition by sector:

agriculture: 6%

industry: 27.7%

services: 66.3% (2008 est.)

Labor force:

1.731 million (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 123

Labor force - by occupation:

agriculture: 5%

industry: 31.3%

services: 63.6% (2008)

Unemployment rate:

13.7% (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 147 11.8% (2007 est.)

Population below poverty line:

11% (2003)

Household income or consumption by percentage share:

lowest 10%: 3.6%

highest 10%: 23.1% (2005 est.)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:

29 (2008) country comparison to the world: 119 29 (1998)

Investment (gross fixed):

31.1% of GDP (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 21

Budget:

revenues: $26.86 billion

expenditures: $28.54 billion (2008 est.)

Public debt:

42.7% of GDP (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 48 41.7% of GDP (2004 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

6.1% (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 102 4.5% (2007 est.)

Central bank discount rate:

9% (31 December 2008) country comparison to the world: 49 9% (31 December 2007)

Commercial bank prime lending rate:

10.07% (31 December 2008)

Stock of money:

$10.71 billion (31 December 2008) country comparison to the world: 43 $11.61 billion (31 December 2007)

Stock of quasi money:

$33.17 billion (31 December 2008) country comparison to the world: 35 $31.86 billion (31 December 2007)

Stock of domestic credit:

$49.79 billion (31 December 2008) country comparison to the world: 48 $45.7 billion (31 December 2007)

Market value of publicly traded shares:

$26.79 billion (31 December 2008) country comparison to the world: 55 $65.98 billion (31 December 2007)

$29.01 billion (31 December 2006)

Agriculture - products:

wheat, corn, sugar beets, sunflower seed, barley, alfalfa, clover, olives, citrus, grapes, soybeans, potatoes; livestock, dairy products

Industries:

chemicals and plastics, machine tools, fabricated metal, electronics, pig iron and rolled steel products, aluminum, paper, wood products, construction materials, textiles, shipbuilding, petroleum and petroleum refining, food and beverages, tourism

Industrial production growth rate:

1.7% (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 112

Electricity - production:

11.47 billion kWh (2007 est.) country comparison to the world: 87

Electricity - consumption:

15.42 billion kWh (2007 est.) country comparison to the world: 72

Electricity - exports:

2.14 billion kWh (2008 est.)

Electricity - imports:

8.249 billion kWh (2008 est.)

Oil - production:

22,200 bbl/day (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 73

Oil - consumption:

105,000 bbl/day (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 75

Oil - exports:

43,750 bbl/day (2007 est.) country comparison to the world: 80

Oil - imports:

122,100 bbl/day (2007 est.) country comparison to the world: 61

Oil - proved reserves:

79.3 million bbl (1 January 2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 73

Natural gas - production:

1.58 billion cu m (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 59

Natural gas - consumption:

2.84 billion cu m (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 75

Natural gas - exports:

310 million cu m (2007) country comparison to the world: 39

Natural gas - imports:

1.26 billion cu m (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 51

Natural gas - proved reserves:

30.58 billion cu m (1 January 2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 69

Current account balance:

-$6.397 billion (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 162 -$4.447 billion (2007 est.)

Exports:

$14.36 billion (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 78 $12.62 billion (2007 est.)

Exports - commodities:

transport equipment, machinery, textiles, chemicals, foodstuffs, fuels

Exports - partners:

Italy 18.9%, Bosnia and Herzegovina 15.3%, Germany 10.7%, Slovenia 7.7%, Austria 5.7% (2008)

Imports:

$30.42 billion (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 63 $25.56 billion (2007 est.)

Imports - commodities:

machinery, transport and electrical equipment; chemicals, fuels and lubricants; foodstuffs

Imports - partners:

Italy 17.1%, Germany 13.4%, Russia 10.5%, China 6.1%, Slovenia 5.6%,

Austria 4.9% (2008)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:

$12.96 billion (31 December 2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 61 $13.67 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Debt - external:

$54.79 billion (31 December 2008) country comparison to the world: 50 $48.93 billion (31 December 2007)

Stock of direct foreign investment - at home:

$27.17 billion (31 December 2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 60 $23.17 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad:

$3.343 billion (31 December 2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 61 $3.124 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Exchange rates:

kuna (HRK) per US dollar - 4.98 (2008 est.), 5.3735 (2007), 5.8625 (2006), 5.9473 (2005), 6.0358 (2004)

Communications ::Croatia

Telephones - main lines in use:

1.851 million (2008) country comparison to the world: 60

Telephones - mobile cellular:

5.924 million (2008) country comparison to the world: 80

Telephone system:

general assessment: the telecommunications network has improved steadily since the mid-1990s; the number of fixed telephone lines holding steady at about 40 per 100 persons; the number of cellular telephone subscriptions exceeds the population

domestic: more than 90 percent of local lines are digital

international: country code - 385; digital international service is provided through the main switch in Zagreb; Croatia participates in the Trans-Asia-Europe (TEL) fiber-optic project, which consists of 2 fiber-optic trunk connections with Slovenia and a fiber-optic trunk line from Rijeka to Split and Dubrovnik; the ADRIA-1 submarine cable provides connectivity to Albania and Greece (2008)

Radio broadcast stations:

AM 16, FM 98, shortwave 5 (1999)

Television broadcast stations:

36 (plus 321 repeaters) (1995)

Internet country code:

.hr

Internet hosts:

1.23 million (2009) country comparison to the world: 38

Internet users:

1.88 million (2008) country comparison to the world: 71

Transportation ::Croatia

Airports:

68 (2009) country comparison to the world: 73

Airports - with paved runways:

total: 23

over 3,047 m: 2

2,438 to 3,047 m: 6

1,524 to 2,437 m: 2

914 to 1,523 m: 4

under 914 m: 9 (2009)

Airports - with unpaved runways:

total: 45

1,524 to 2,437 m: 1

914 to 1,523 m: 7

under 914 m: 37 (2009)

Heliports:

1 (2009)

Pipelines:

gas 1,327 km; oil 583 km (2008)

Railways:

total: 2,722 km country comparison to the world: 62 standard gauge: 2,722 km 1.435-m gauge (980 km electrified) (2008)

Roadways:

total: 28,788 km (includes 877 km of expressways) (2006) country comparison to the world: 99

Waterways:

785 km (2008) country comparison to the world: 74

Merchant marine:

total: 80 country comparison to the world: 54 by type: bulk carrier 25, cargo 11, chemical tanker 3, passenger/cargo 30, petroleum tanker 8, refrigerated cargo 1, roll on/roll off 2

registered in other countries: 30 (Bahamas 1, Belize 2, Liberia 2, Malta 9, Marshall Islands 6, Panama 3, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 7) (2008)

Ports and terminals:

Omisalj, Ploce, Rijeka, Sibenik, Vukovar (on Danube River)

Military ::Croatia

Military branches:

Armed Forces of the Republic of Croatia (Oruzane Snage Republike Hrvatske, OSRH), consists of five major commands directly subordinate to a General Staff: Ground Forces (Hrvatska Kopnena Vojska, HKoV), Naval Forces (Hrvatska Ratna Mornarica, HRM; includes coast guard), Air Force and Air Defense Command, Joint Education and Training Command, Logistics Command; Military Police Force supports each of the three Croatian military forces (2009)

Military service age and obligation:

18–27 years of age for compulsory military service; 16 years of age with consent for voluntary service; 6-month conscript service obligation; full conversion to voluntary military service by 2010 (2006)

Manpower available for military service:

males age 16–49: 1,035,712

females age 16–49: 1,037,896 (2008 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:

males age 16–49: 770,798

females age 16–49: 849,957 (2009 est.)

Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually:

male: 27,620

female: 26,154 (2009 est.)

Military expenditures:

2.39% of GDP (2005 est.) country comparison to the world: 71

Transnational Issues ::Croatia

Disputes - international:

dispute remains with Bosnia and Herzegovina over several small sections of the boundary related to maritime access that hinders ratification of the 1999 border agreement; the Croatia-Slovenia land and maritime boundary agreement, which would have ceded most of Pirin Bay and maritime access to Slovenia and several villages to Croatia, remains unratified and in dispute; Slovenia also protests Croatia's 2003 claim to an exclusive economic zone in the Adriatic; as a European Union peripheral state, Slovenia imposed a hard border Schengen regime with non-member Croatia in December 2007

Refugees and internally displaced persons:

IDPs: 2,900–7,000 (Croats and Serbs displaced in 1992–95 war) (2007)

Illicit drugs:

transit point along the Balkan route for Southwest Asian heroin to Western Europe; has been used as a transit point for maritime shipments of South American cocaine bound for Western Europe (2008)

page last updated on November 11, 2009

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@Cuba (Central America and Caribbean)

Introduction ::Cuba

Background:

The native Amerindian population of Cuba began to decline after the European discovery of the island by Christopher COLUMBUS in 1492 and following its development as a Spanish colony during the next several centuries. Large numbers of African slaves were imported to work the coffee and sugar plantations, and Havana became the launching point for the annual treasure fleets bound for Spain from Mexico and Peru. Spanish rule eventually provoked an independence movement and occasional rebellions that were harshly suppressed. US intervention during the Spanish-American War in 1898 assisted the Cubans in overthrowing Spanish rule. The Treaty of Paris established Cuban independence from the US in 1902 after which the island experienced a string of governments mostly dominated by the military and corrupt politicians. Fidel CASTRO led a rebel army to victory in 1959; his iron rule held the subsequent regime together for nearly five decades. He stepped down as president in February 2008 in favor of his younger brother Raul CASTRO. Cuba's Communist revolution, with Soviet support, was exported throughout Latin America and Africa during the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s. The country faced a severe economic downturn in 1990 following the withdrawal of former Soviet subsidies worth $4 billion to $6 billion annually. Cuba portrays its difficulties as the result of the US embargo in place since 1961. Illicit migration to the US - using homemade rafts, alien smugglers, air flights, or via the southwest border - is a continuing problem. The US Coast Guard intercepted 2,656 individuals attempting to cross the Straits of Florida in fiscal year 2007.

Geography ::Cuba

Location:

Caribbean, island between the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic

Ocean, 150 km south of Key West, Florida

Geographic coordinates: