Читать книгу The 2009 CIA World Factbook - United States. Central Intelligence Agency - Страница 415

Agriculture - products:

sugar, tobacco, citrus, coffee, rice, potatoes, beans; livestock

Industries:

sugar, petroleum, tobacco, construction, nickel, steel, cement, agricultural machinery, pharmaceuticals

Industrial production growth rate:

1.9% (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 107

Electricity - production:

16.89 billion kWh (2007 est.) country comparison to the world: 74

Electricity - consumption:

13.93 billion kWh (2007 est.) country comparison to the world: 73

Electricity - exports:

0 kWh (2008 est.)

Electricity - imports:

0 kWh (2008 est.)

Oil - production:

52,630 bbl/day (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 61

Oil - consumption:

176,000 bbl/day (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 63

Oil - exports:

0 bbl/day (2007 est.) country comparison to the world: 143

Oil - imports:

104,800 bbl/day (2007 est.) country comparison to the world: 65

Oil - proved reserves:

124 million bbl (1 January 2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 64

Natural gas - production:

400 million cu m (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 70

Natural gas - consumption:

400 million cu m (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 97

Natural gas - exports:

0 cu m (2008) country comparison to the world: 178

Natural gas - imports:

0 cu m (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 185

Natural gas - proved reserves:

70.79 billion cu m (1 January 2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 58

Current account balance:

-$2.58 billion (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 142 $412 million (2007 est.)

Exports:

$3.68 billion (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 120 $3.701 billion (2007 est.)

Exports - commodities:

sugar, nickel, tobacco, fish, medical products, citrus, coffee

Exports - partners:

Canada 27.8%, China 26.6%, Spain 6.2%, Netherlands 5.5% (2008)

Imports:

$14.25 billion (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 86 $10.08 billion (2007 est.)

Imports - commodities:

petroleum, food, machinery and equipment, chemicals

Imports - partners:

Venezuela 30%, China 11.9%, Spain 10.1%, Canada 6.4%, US 6.3% (2008)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:

$4.047 billion (31 December 2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 85 $4.747 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Debt - external:

$19.04 billion (31 December 2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 73 $16.79 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment - at home:

$11.24 billion (2006 est.) country comparison to the world: 77

Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad:

$4.138 billion (2006 est.) country comparison to the world: 59

Exchange rates:

Cuban pesos (CUP) per US dollar - 0.9259 (2008 est.), 0.9259 (2007), 0.9231 (2006)

note: Cuba has two currencies in circulation: the Cuban peso (CUP) and the convertible peso (CUC); in April 2005 the official exchange rate changed from $1 per CUC to $1.08 per CUC (0.93 CUC per $1) both for individuals and enterprises; individuals can buy 24 Cuban pesos (CUP) for each CUC sold or sell 25 Cuban pesos for each CUC bought; enterprises, however, must exchange CUP and CUC at a 1:1 ratio.

Communications ::Cuba

Telephones - main lines in use:

1.104 million (2008) country comparison to the world: 74

Telephones - mobile cellular:

331,700 (2008) country comparison to the world: 167

Telephone system:

general assessment: greater investment beginning in 1994 and the establishment of a new Ministry of Information Technology and Communications in 2000 has resulted in improvements in the system; wireless service is expensive and must be paid in convertible pesos, which effectively limits mobile cellular subscribership

domestic: national fiber-optic system under development; 95% of switches digitized by end of 2006; fixed telephone line density remains low at less than 10 per 100 inhabitants; domestic cellular service expanding but remains at only about 3 per 100 persons

international: country code - 53; fiber-optic cable laid to but not linked to US network; satellite earth station - 1 Intersputnik (Atlantic Ocean region) (2008)

Radio broadcast stations:

AM 169, FM 55, shortwave 1 (1998)

Television broadcast stations:

58 (1997)

Internet country code:

.cu

Internet hosts:

3,637 (2009) country comparison to the world: 138

Internet users:

1.45 million country comparison to the world: 77 note: private citizens are prohibited from buying computers or accessing the Internet without special authorization; foreigners may access the Internet in large hotels but are subject to firewalls; some Cubans buy illegal passwords on the black market or take advantage of public outlets to access limited email and the government-controlled "intranet" (2008)

Transportation ::Cuba

Airports:

136 (2009) country comparison to the world: 42

Airports - with paved runways:

total: 65

over 3,047 m: 7

2,438 to 3,047 m: 9

1,524 to 2,437 m: 17

914 to 1,523 m: 5

under 914 m: 27 (2009)

Airports - with unpaved runways:

total: 71

914 to 1,523 m: 13

under 914 m: 58 (2009)

Pipelines:

gas 41 km; oil 230 km (2008)

Railways:

total: 8,598 km country comparison to the world: 24 standard gauge: 8,322 km 1.435-m gauge (176 km electrified)

narrow gauge: 276 km 1.000-gauge

note: 4,533 km of the track is used by sugar plantations; 4,257 km is standard gauge; 276 km is narrow gauge (2006)

Roadways:

total: 60,858 km country comparison to the world: 73 paved: 29,820 km (includes 638 km of expressway)

unpaved: 31,038 km (2000)

Waterways:

240 km (2008) country comparison to the world: 95

Merchant marine:

total: 11 country comparison to the world: 111 by type: bulk carrier 2, cargo 3, passenger 1, petroleum tanker 3, refrigerated cargo 2

foreign-owned: 1 (Spain 1)

registered in other countries: 13 (Bahamas 1, Cyprus 1, Netherlands Antilles 1, Panama 10) (2008)

Ports and terminals:

Cienfuegos, Havana, Matanzas

Military ::Cuba

Military branches:

Revolutionary Armed Forces (Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias, FAR):

Revolutionary Army (ER; includes Territorial Militia Troops (Milicia

de Tropas de Territoriales, MTT)), Revolutionary Navy (Marina de

Guerra Revolucionaria, MGR; includes Marine Corps), Revolutionary

Air and Air Defense Force (DAAFAR), Youth Labor Army (Ejercito

Juvenil del Trabajo, EJT) (2009)

Military service age and obligation:

17–28 years of age for compulsory military service; 2-year service obligation; both sexes subject to military service (2006)

Manpower available for military service:

males age 16–49: 3,094,388

females age 16–49: 3,024,876 (2008 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:

males age 16–49: 2,532,495

females age 16–49: 2,468,631 (2009 est.)

Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually:

male: 75,969

female: 72,253 (2009 est.)

Military expenditures:

3.8% of GDP (2006 est.) country comparison to the world: 32

Military - note:

the collapse of the Soviet Union deprived the Cuban Army of its major economic and logistic support and had a significant impact on equipment numbers and serviceability; the army remains well trained and professional in nature; while the lack of replacement parts for its existing equipment and the current severe shortage of fuel have increasingly affected operational capabilities, Cuba remains able to offer considerable resistance to any regional power (2008)

Transnational Issues ::Cuba

Disputes - international:

US Naval Base at Guantanamo Bay is leased to US and only mutual agreement or US abandonment of the facility can terminate the lease

Trafficking in persons:

current situation: Cuba is principally a source country for women and children trafficked within the country for the purpose of commercial sexual exploitation and possibly for forced labor; the country is a destination for sex tourism including child sex tourism, which is a problem in many areas of the country; some Cuban nationals willingly migrate to the United States but are subsequently exploited for forced labor by their smugglers; Cuba is also a transit point for the smuggling of migrants from China, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Lebanon, and other nations to the United States and Canada

tier rating: Tier 3 - Cuba does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking and is not making significant efforts to do so; exact information about trafficking in Cuba is difficult to obtain because the government does not acknowledge or condemn human trafficking as a problem in Cuba; tangible efforts to prosecute offenders, protect victims, or prevent human trafficking activity do not appear to have been made during 2007; Cuba has not ratified the 2000 UN TIP Protocol (2008)

Illicit drugs:

territorial waters and air space serve as transshipment zone for US- and European-bound drugs; established the death penalty for certain drug-related crimes in 1999 (2008)

page last updated on November 11, 2009

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@Cyprus (Europe)

Introduction ::Cyprus

Background:

A former British colony, Cyprus became independent in 1960 following years of resistance to British rule. Tensions between the Greek Cypriot majority and Turkish Cypriot minority came to a head in December 1963, when violence broke out in the capital of Nicosia. Despite the deployment of UN peacekeepers in 1964, sporadic intercommunal violence continued forcing most Turkish Cypriots into enclaves throughout the island. In 1974, a Greek Government-sponsored attempt to seize control of Cyprus was met by military intervention from Turkey, which soon controlled more than a third of the island. In 1983, the Turkish-held area declared itself the "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus" ("TRNC"), but it is recognized only by Turkey. The election of a new Cypriot president in 2008 served as the impetus for the UN to encourage both the Turkish and Cypriot Governments to reopen unification negotiations. In September 2008, the leaders of the Greek Cypriot and Turkish Cypriot communities started negotiations under UN auspices aimed at reuniting the divided island. The entire island entered the EU on 1 May 2004, although the EU acquis - the body of common rights and obligations - applies only to the areas under direct government control, and is suspended in the areas administered by Turkish Cypriots. However, individual Turkish Cypriots able to document their eligibility for Republic of Cyprus citizenship legally enjoy the same rights accorded to other citizens of European Union states.

Geography ::Cyprus

Location:

Middle East, island in the Mediterranean Sea, south of Turkey

Geographic coordinates: