Читать книгу The 2009 CIA World Factbook - United States. Central Intelligence Agency - Страница 456
Оглавлениеagriculture: 6.7%
industry: 34.3%
services: 59% (2008 est.)
Labor force:
4.64 million (urban) (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 79
Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture: 8.3%
industry: 21.2%
services: 70.4% (2005)
Unemployment rate:
7.3% (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 92 8.8% (2007 est.)
Population below poverty line:
38.3% (2006)
Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: 1.2%
highest 10%: 43.3%
note: data for urban households only (2007)
Distribution of family income - Gini index:
46 (2006) country comparison to the world: 39 43.7 (1995)
note: data are for urban households
Investment (gross fixed):
22.1% of GDP (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 80
Budget:
revenues: $21.09 billion
expenditures: planned $21.35 billion (2008 est.)
Public debt:
25.1% of GDP (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 82
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
8.3% (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 128 2.3% (2007 est.)
Central bank discount rate:
9.14% (31 December 2008) country comparison to the world: 34 10.72% (31 December 2007)
Commercial bank prime lending rate:
9.71% (31 December 2008)
Stock of money:
$5.907 billion (31 December 2008) country comparison to the world: 53 $4.395 billion (31 December 2007)
Stock of quasi money:
$9.383 billion (31 December 2008) country comparison to the world: 53 $7.974 billion (31 December 2007)
Stock of domestic credit:
$10.13 billion (31 December 2008) country comparison to the world: 71 $8.926 billion (31 December 2007)
Market value of publicly traded shares:
$4.562 billion (31 December 2008) country comparison to the world: 89 $4.266 billion (31 December 2007)
$4.04 billion (31 December 2006)
Agriculture - products:
bananas, coffee, cocoa, rice, potatoes, manioc (tapioca), plantains, sugarcane; cattle, sheep, pigs, beef, pork, dairy products; balsa wood; fish, shrimp
Industries:
petroleum, food processing, textiles, wood products, chemicals
Industrial production growth rate:
5.5% (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 44
Electricity - production:
16.75 billion kWh (2007 est.) country comparison to the world: 75
Electricity - consumption:
9.888 billion kWh (2007 est.) country comparison to the world: 85
Electricity - exports:
38.53 million kWh (2007 est.)
Electricity - imports:
861 million kWh (2007 est.)
Oil - production:
505,100 bbl/day (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 31
Oil - consumption:
178,000 bbl/day (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 62
Oil - exports:
417,000 bbl/day (2007 est.) country comparison to the world: 33
Oil - imports:
54,190 bbl/day (2007 est.) country comparison to the world: 85
Oil - proved reserves:
4.66 billion bbl (1 January 2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 25
Natural gas - production:
260 million cu m (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 73
Natural gas - consumption:
260 million cu m (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 99
Natural gas - exports:
0 cu m (2008) country comparison to the world: 187
Natural gas - imports:
0 cu m (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 88
Natural gas - proved reserves:
8.919 billion cu m (1 January 2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 80
Current account balance:
$1.194 billion (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 45 $1.65 billion (2007 est.)
Exports:
$19.15 billion (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 74 $14.87 billion (2007 est.)
Exports - commodities:
petroleum, bananas, cut flowers, shrimp, cacao, coffee, hemp, wood, fish
Exports - partners:
US 45.3%, Peru 9.2%, Chile 8.1%, Panama 4.8%, Colombia 4.2% (2008)
Imports:
$17.79 billion (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 74 $13.05 billion (2007 est.)
Imports - commodities:
industrial materials, fuels and lubricants, nondurable consumer goods
Imports - partners:
US 19.1%, Venezuela 13.8%, Colombia 9.9%, China 8.4%, Brazil 4.8%,
Japan 4.1% (2008)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$4.473 billion (31 December 2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 82 $3.521 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Debt - external:
$18.11 billion (31 December 2008) country comparison to the world: 74 $NA (31 December 2007)
Stock of direct foreign investment - at home:
$16.99 billion (31 December 2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 65 $16.31 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad:
$8.487 billion (31 December 2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 48 $10.77 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
Exchange rates:
the US dollar is used; the sucre was eliminated in 2000
Communications ::Ecuador
Telephones - main lines in use:
1.91 million (2008) country comparison to the world: 58
Telephones - mobile cellular:
11.595 million (2008) country comparison to the world: 52
Telephone system:
general assessment: generally elementary but being expanded
domestic: fixed-line services provided by three state-owned enterprises; plans to transfer the state-owned operators to private ownership have repeatedly failed; fixed-line density stands at about 14 per 100 persons; mobile cellular use has surged and has a subscribership of nearly 85 per 100 persons
international: country code - 593; landing point for the PAN-AM submarine telecommunications cable that provides links to the west coast of South America, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, and extending onward to Aruba and the US Virgin Islands in the Caribbean; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2008)
Radio broadcast stations:
AM 392, FM 35, shortwave 29 (2001)
Television broadcast stations:
7 (plus 14 repeaters) (2000)
Internet country code:
.ec
Internet hosts:
57,785 (2009) country comparison to the world: 80
Internet users:
1.31 million (2008) country comparison to the world: 80
Transportation ::Ecuador
Airports:
420 (2009) country comparison to the world: 19
Airports - with paved runways:
total: 103
over 3,047 m: 3
2,438 to 3,047 m: 3
1,524 to 2,437 m: 18
914 to 1,523 m: 25
under 914 m: 54 (2009)
Airports - with unpaved runways:
total: 317
914 to 1,523 m: 38
under 914 m: 279 (2009)
Heliports:
2 (2009)
Pipelines:
extra heavy crude 435 km; gas 5 km; oil 1,374 km; refined products 1,301 km (2008)
Railways:
total: 965 km country comparison to the world: 90 narrow gauge: 965 km 1.067-m gauge (2008)
Roadways:
total: 43,670 km country comparison to the world: 84 paved: 6,472 km
unpaved: 37,198 km (2006)
Waterways:
1,500 km (most inaccessible) (2008) country comparison to the world: 54
Merchant marine:
total: 37 country comparison to the world: 80 by type: cargo 1, chemical tanker 1, liquefied gas 1, passenger 8, petroleum tanker 24, refrigerated cargo 1, specialized tanker 1
foreign-owned: 1 (US 1)
registered in other countries: 5 (China 1, Panama 4) (2008)
Ports and terminals:
Esmeraldas, Guayaquil, Manta, Puerto Bolivar
Military ::Ecuador
Military branches:
Army, Navy (includes Naval Infantry, Naval Aviation, Coast Guard),
Air Force (Fuerza Aerea Ecuatoriana, FAE) (2007)
Military service age and obligation:
20 years of age for selective conscript military service; 12-month service obligation (2008)
Manpower available for military service:
males age 16–49: 3,536,602
females age 16–49: 3,559,188 (2008 est.)
Manpower fit for military service:
males age 16–49: 2,708,470
females age 16–49: 3,165,489 (2009 est.)
Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually:
male: 148,010
female: 143,291 (2009 est.)
Military expenditures:
2.8% of GDP (2006) country comparison to the world: 55
Transnational Issues ::Ecuador
Disputes - international:
organized illegal narcotics operations in Colombia penetrate across Ecuador's shared border, which thousands of Colombians also cross to escape the violence in their home country
Refugees and internally displaced persons:
refugees (country of origin): 11,526 (Colombia); note - UNHCR estimates as many as 250,000 Columbians are seeking asylum in Ecuador, many of whom do not register as refugees for fear of deportation (2007)
Illicit drugs:
significant transit country for cocaine originating in Colombia and Peru, with much of the US-bound cocaine passing through Ecuadorian Pacific waters; importer of precursor chemicals used in production of illicit narcotics; attractive location for cash-placement by drug traffickers laundering money because of dollarization and weak anti-money-laundering regime; increased activity on the northern frontier by trafficking groups and Colombian insurgents (2008)
page last updated on November 11, 2009
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@Egypt (Africa)
Introduction ::Egypt
Background:
The regularity and richness of the annual Nile River flood, coupled with semi-isolation provided by deserts to the east and west, allowed for the development of one of the world's great civilizations. A unified kingdom arose circa 3200 B.C., and a series of dynasties ruled in Egypt for the next three millennia. The last native dynasty fell to the Persians in 341 B.C., who in turn were replaced by the Greeks, Romans, and Byzantines. It was the Arabs who introduced Islam and the Arabic language in the 7th century and who ruled for the next six centuries. A local military caste, the Mamluks took control about 1250 and continued to govern after the conquest of Egypt by the Ottoman Turks in 1517. Following the completion of the Suez Canal in 1869, Egypt became an important world transportation hub, but also fell heavily into debt. Ostensibly to protect its investments, Britain seized control of Egypt's government in 1882, but nominal allegiance to the Ottoman Empire continued until 1914. Partially independent from the UK in 1922, Egypt acquired full sovereignty with the overthrow of the British-backed monarchy in 1952. The completion of the Aswan High Dam in 1971 and the resultant Lake Nasser have altered the time-honored place of the Nile River in the agriculture and ecology of Egypt. A rapidly growing population (the largest in the Arab world), limited arable land, and dependence on the Nile all continue to overtax resources and stress society. The government has struggled to meet the demands of Egypt's growing population through economic reform and massive investment in communications and physical infrastructure.
Geography ::Egypt
Location:
Northern Africa, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Libya and the Gaza Strip, and the Red Sea north of Sudan, and includes the Asian Sinai Peninsula
Geographic coordinates:
