Читать книгу The 2009 CIA World Factbook - United States. Central Intelligence Agency - Страница 459

Flag description:

three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black; the national emblem (a gold Eagle of Saladin facing the hoist side with a shield superimposed on its chest above a scroll bearing the name of the country in Arabic) centered in the white band; design is based on the Arab Liberation flag and similar to the flag of Syria, which has two green stars in the white band, Iraq, which has an Arabic inscription centered in the white band, and Yemen, which has a plain white band

Economy ::Egypt

Economy - overview:

Occupying the northeast corner of the African continent, Egypt is bisected by the highly fertile Nile valley, where most economic activity takes place. Egypt's economy was highly centralized during the rule of former President Gamal Abdel NASSER but has opened up considerably under former President Anwar EL-SADAT and current President Mohamed Hosni MUBARAK. Cairo has aggressively pursued economic reforms to encourage inflows of foreign investment and facilitate GDP growth. In 2005, Prime Minister Ahmed NAZIF's government reduced personal and corporate tax rates, reduced energy subsidies, and privatized several enterprises. The stock market boomed, and GDP grew about 7% each year since 2006. Despite these achievements, the government has failed to raise living standards for the average Egyptian, and has had to continue providing subsidies for basic necessities. The subsidies have contributed to a sizeable budget deficit - roughly 7% of GDP in 2007–08 - and represent a significant drain on the economy. Foreign direct investment has increased significantly in the past two years, but the NAZIF government will need to continue its aggressive pursuit of reforms in order to sustain the spike in investment and growth and begin to improve economic conditions for the broader population. Egypt's export sectors - particularly natural gas - have bright prospects.

GDP (purchasing power parity):

$444.8 billion (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 27 $414.9 billion (2007 est.)

$387.4 billion (2006 est.)

note: data are in 2008 US dollars

GDP (official exchange rate):

$162.6 billion (2008 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:

7.2% (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 32 7.1% (2007 est.)

6.8% (2006 est.)

GDP - per capita (PPP):

$5,800 (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 134 $5,500 (2007 est.)

$5,200 (2006 est.)

note: data are in 2008 US dollars

GDP - composition by sector:

agriculture: 13.2%

industry: 38.7%

services: 48.1% (2008 est.)

Labor force:

24.6 million (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 22

Labor force - by occupation:

agriculture: 32%

industry: 17%

services: 51% (2001 est.)

Unemployment rate:

8.7% (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 117 9.1% (2007 est.)

Population below poverty line:

20% (2005 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share:

lowest 10%: 3.9%

highest 10%: 27.6% (2005)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:

34.4 (2001) country comparison to the world: 90

Investment (gross fixed):

19.1% of GDP (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 122

Budget:

revenues: $40.22 billion

expenditures: $51.07 billion (2008 est.)

Public debt:

86.5% of GDP (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 10 102.7% of GDP (2004 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

18.3% (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 201 9.5% (2007 est.)

Central bank discount rate:

11.5% (31 December 2008) country comparison to the world: 48 9% (31 December 2007)

Commercial bank prime lending rate:

NA% (31 December 2008) country comparison to the world: 67 12.51% (31 December 2007)

Stock of money:

$31.72 billion (31 December 2008) country comparison to the world: 27 $27.6 billion (31 December 2007)

Stock of quasi money:

$112.2 billion (31 December 2008) country comparison to the world: 20 $102.6 billion (31 December 2007)

Stock of domestic credit:

$126.5 billion (31 December 2008) country comparison to the world: 34 $113.9 billion (31 December 2007)

Market value of publicly traded shares:

$85.89 billion (31 December 2008) country comparison to the world: 43 $139.3 billion (31 December 2007)

$93.48 billion (31 December 2006)

Agriculture - products:

cotton, rice, corn, wheat, beans, fruits, vegetables; cattle, water buffalo, sheep, goats

Industries:

textiles, food processing, tourism, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, hydrocarbons, construction, cement, metals, light manufactures

Industrial production growth rate:

6.1% (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 38

Electricity - production:

118.4 billion kWh (2007 est.) country comparison to the world: 28

Electricity - consumption:

104.1 billion kWh (2007 est.) country comparison to the world: 29

Electricity - exports:

814 million kWh (2007 est.)

Electricity - imports:

251 million kWh (2007 est.)

Oil - production:

630,600 bbl/day (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 28

Oil - consumption:

697,000 bbl/day (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 26

Oil - exports:

155,200 bbl/day (2007 est.) country comparison to the world: 57

Oil - imports:

146,200 bbl/day (2007 est.) country comparison to the world: 59

Oil - proved reserves:

3.7 billion bbl (1 January 2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 28

Natural gas - production:

48.3 billion cu m (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 19

Natural gas - consumption:

31.38 billion cu m (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 28

Natural gas - exports:

16.92 billion cu m (2008) country comparison to the world: 14

Natural gas - imports:

0 cu m (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 87

Natural gas - proved reserves:

1.656 trillion cu m (1 January 2009 est.) country comparison to the world: 20

Current account balance:

-$1.331 billion (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 128 $500.9 million (2007 est.)

Exports:

$29.85 billion (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 65 $24.45 billion (2007 est.)

Exports - commodities:

crude oil and petroleum products, cotton, textiles, metal products, chemicals

Exports - partners:

Italy 9.4%, US 7.1%, India 6.2%, Spain 6.1%, Syria 4.7%, Saudi

Arabia 4.6%, Japan 4.5%, Germany 4.5% (2008)

Imports:

$56.62 billion (2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 49 $44.95 billion (2007 est.)

Imports - commodities:

machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, chemicals, wood products, fuels

Imports - partners:

US 10.3%, China 9.9%, Italy 7.3%, Germany 6.8%, Saudi Arabia 4.9% (2008)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:

$33.85 billion (31 December 2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 38 $31.37 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Debt - external:

$32.12 billion (31 December 2008) country comparison to the world: 64 $32.84 billion (31 December 2007)

Stock of direct foreign investment - at home:

$59.13 billion (31 December 2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 48 $49.23 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad:

$12.08 billion (31 December 2008 est.) country comparison to the world: 44 $11.58 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Exchange rates:

Egyptian pounds (EGP) per US dollar - 5.4 (2008 est.), 5.67 (2007), 5.725 (2006), 5.78 (2005), 6.1962 (2004)

Communications ::Egypt

Telephones - main lines in use:

12.011 million (2008) country comparison to the world: 21

Telephones - mobile cellular:

41.272 million (2008) country comparison to the world: 28

Telephone system:

general assessment: large system; underwent extensive upgrading during 1990s and is reasonably modern; Telecom Egypt, the landline monopoly, has been increasing service availability and in 2008 fixed-line density stood at 15 per 100 persons; as of 2008 there were three mobile-cellular networks with a total of more than 41 million subscribers, roughly 50 per 100 persons

domestic: principal centers at Alexandria, Cairo, Al Mansurah, Ismailia, Suez, and Tanta are connected by coaxial cable and microwave radio relay

international: country code - 20; landing point for both the SEA-ME-WE-3 and SEA-ME-WE-4 submarine cable networks; linked to the international submarine cable FLAG (Fiber-Optic Link Around the Globe); satellite earth stations - 4 (2 Intelsat - Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean, 1 Arabsat, and 1 Inmarsat); tropospheric scatter to Sudan; microwave radio relay to Israel; a participant in Medarabtel (2008)

Radio broadcast stations:

AM 42 (plus 15 repeaters), FM 11, shortwave 3 (1999)

Television broadcast stations:

98 (September 1995)

Internet country code:

.eg

Internet hosts:

177,443 (2009) country comparison to the world: 65

Internet users:

11.414 million (2008) country comparison to the world: 27

Transportation ::Egypt

Airports:

85 (2009) country comparison to the world: 68

Airports - with paved runways:

total: 72

over 3,047 m: 15

2,438 to 3,047 m: 35

1,524 to 2,437 m: 15

914 to 1,523 m: 2

under 914 m: 5 (2009)

Airports - with unpaved runways:

total: 13

2,438 to 3,047 m: 1

1,524 to 2,437 m: 3

914 to 1,523 m: 5

under 914 m: 4 (2009)

Heliports:

6 (2009)

Pipelines:

condensate 320 km; condensate/gas 13 km; gas 5,586 km; liquid petroleum gas 956 km; oil 4,314 km; oil/gas/water 3 km; refined products 895 km; unknown 59 km; water 9 km (2008)

Railways:

total: 5,063 km country comparison to the world: 35 standard gauge: 5,063 km 1.435-m gauge (62 km electrified) (2008)

Roadways:

total: 92,370 km country comparison to the world: 52 paved: 74,820 km

unpaved: 17,550 km (2004)

Waterways:

3,500 km country comparison to the world: 30 note: includes Nile River, Lake Nasser, Alexandria-Cairo Waterway, and numerous smaller canals in delta; Suez Canal (193.5 km including approaches) navigable by oceangoing vessels drawing up to 17.68 m (2007)

Merchant marine:

total: 67 country comparison to the world: 63 by type: bulk carrier 11, cargo 28, container 2, passenger/cargo 4, petroleum tanker 13, roll on/roll off 9

foreign-owned: 10 (Denmark 1, Greece 8, Lebanon 1)

registered in other countries: 58 (Cambodia 13, Georgia 12, Honduras 3, North Korea 1, Malta 1, Moldova 1, Panama 17, Saint Kitts and Nevis 2, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 3, Saudi Arabia 1, Sierra Leone 3, Togo 1) (2008)

Ports and terminals:

Ayn Sukhnah, Alexandria, Damietta, El Dekheila, Sidi Kurayr, Suez

Military ::Egypt

Military branches:

Army, Navy, Air Force, Air Defense Command

Military service age and obligation:

18–30 years of age for male conscript military service; service obligation 12–36 months, followed by a 9-year reserve obligation (2008)

Manpower available for military service:

males age 16–49: 21,247,777

females age 16–49: 20,406,408 (2008 est.)

Manpower fit for military service:

males age 16–49: 18,490,522

females age 16–49: 17,719,905 (2009 est.)

Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually:

male: 831,157

female: 792,330 (2009 est.)

Military expenditures:

3.4% of GDP (2005 est.) country comparison to the world: 39

Transnational Issues ::Egypt

Disputes - international:

while Sudan retains claim to the Hala'ib Triangle north of the 1899 Treaty boundary along the 22nd Parallel, both states withdrew their military presence in the 1990s and Egypt has invested in and effectively administers the area; Egypt no longer shows its administration of the Bir Tawil trapezoid in Sudan on its maps; Gazan breaches in the security wall with Egypt in January 2008 highlight difficulties in monitoring the Sinai border

Refugees and internally displaced persons:

refugees (country of origin): 60,000 - 80,000 (Iraq); 70,198 (Palestinian Territories); 12,157 (Sudan) (2007)

Trafficking in persons:

current situation: Egypt is a transit country for women trafficked from Eastern European countries to Israel for sexual exploitation, and is a source for children trafficked within the country for commercial sexual exploitation and domestic servitude, although the extent to which children are trafficked internally is unknown; children were also recruited for domestic and agricultural work; some of these children face conditions of involuntary servitude, such as restrictions on movement, non-payment of wages, threats, and physical or sexual abuse

tier rating: Tier 2 Watch List - Egypt is on the Tier 2 Watch List for the third year in a row because it did not provide evidence of increasing efforts to investigate and prosecute traffickers; however, in July 2007, the government established the "National Coordinating Committee to Combat and Prevent Trafficking in Persons," which improved inter-governmental coordination on anti-trafficking initiatives; Egypt made no discernible efforts to punish trafficking crimes in 2007 and the Egyptian penal code does not prohibit all forms of trafficking; Egypt did not increase its services to trafficking victims during the reporting period (2008)

Illicit drugs:

transit point for cannabis, heroin, and opium moving to Europe, Israel, and North Africa; transit stop for Nigerian drug couriers; concern as money laundering site due to lax enforcement of financial regulations

page last updated on November 11, 2009

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@El Salvador (Central America and Caribbean)

Introduction ::El Salvador

Background:

El Salvador achieved independence from Spain in 1821 and from the Central American Federation in 1839. A 12-year civil war, which cost about 75,000 lives, was brought to a close in 1992 when the government and leftist rebels signed a treaty that provided for military and political reforms.

Geography ::El Salvador

Location:

Central America, bordering the North Pacific Ocean, between

Guatemala and Honduras

Geographic coordinates: