Читать книгу The 1992 CIA World Factbook - United States. Central Intelligence Agency - Страница 11

:Cayman Islands Economy

Overview:

The economy depends heavily on tourism (70% of GDP and 75% of export

earnings) and offshore financial services, with the tourist industry aimed

at the luxury market and catering mainly to visitors from North America.

About 90% of the islands' food and consumer goods needs must be imported.

The Caymanians enjoy one of the highest standards of living in the region.

GDP:

exchange rate conversion - $384 million, per capita $14,500 (1989); real

growth rate 8% (1990)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

8% (1990 est.)

Unemployment rate:

NA%

Budget:

revenues $83.6 million; expenditures $98.9 million, including capital

expenditures of $13.6 million (1990)

Exports:

$1.5 million (f.o.b., 1987 est.)

commodities:

turtle products, manufactured consumer goods

partners:

mostly US

Imports:

$136 million (c.i.f., 1987 est.)

commodities:

foodstuffs, manufactured goods

partners:

US, Trinidad and Tobago, UK, Netherlands Antilles, Japan

External debt:

$15 million (1986)

Industrial production:

growth rate NA%

Electricity:

74,000 kW capacity; 256 million kWh produced, 9,313 kWh per capita (1991)

Industries:

tourism, banking, insurance and finance, construction, building materials,

furniture making

Agriculture:

minor production of vegetables, fruit, livestock; turtle farming

Economic aid:

US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $26.7 million; Western (non-US)

countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $35 million

Currency:

Caymanian dollar (plural - dollars); 1 Caymanian dollar (CI$) = 100 cents

Exchange rates:

Caymanian dollars (CI$) per US$1 - 1.20 (fixed rate)

Fiscal year:

1 April - 31 March

:Cayman Islands Communications

Highways:

160 km of main roads

Ports:

George Town, Cayman Brac

Merchant marine:

32 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 364,174 GRT/560,241 DWT; includes 1

passenger-cargo, 7 cargo, 8 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 6 petroleum tanker, 1

chemical tanker, 1 specialized tanker, 1 liquefied gas carrier, 5 bulk, 2

combination bulk; note - a flag of convenience registry

Civil air:

2 major transport aircraft

Airports:

3 total; 3 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways over

2,439 m; 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

Telecommunications:

35,000 telephones; telephone system uses 1 submarine coaxial cable and 1

Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station to link islands and access

international services; broadcast stations - 2 AM, 1 FM, no TV

:Cayman Islands Defense Forces

Branches:

Royal Cayman Islands Police Force (RCIPF)

Note:

defense is the responsibility of the UK

:Central African Republic Geography

Total area:

622,980 km2

Land area:

622,980 km2

Comparative area:

slightly smaller than Texas

Land boundaries:

5,203 km; Cameroon 797 km, Chad 1,197 km, Congo 467 km, Sudan 1,165 km,

Zaire 1,577 km

Coastline:

none - landlocked

Maritime claims:

none - landlocked

Disputes:

none

Climate:

tropical; hot, dry winters; mild to hot, wet summers

Terrain:

vast, flat to rolling, monotonous plateau; scattered hills in northeast and

southwest

Natural resources:

diamonds, uranium, timber, gold, oil

Land use:

arable land 3%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 5%; forest and

woodland 64%; other 28%

Environment:

hot, dry, dusty harmattan winds affect northern areas; poaching has

diminished reputation as one of last great wildlife refuges; desertification

Note:

landlocked; almost the precise center of Africa

:Central African Republic People

Population:

3,029,080 (July 1992), growth rate 2.6% (1992)

Birth rate:

43 births/1,000 population (1992)

Death rate:

18 deaths/1,000 population (1992)

Net migration rate:

0 migrants/1,000 population (1992)

Infant mortality rate:

135 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)

Life expectancy at birth:

46 years male, 49 years female (1992)

Total fertility rate:

5.5 children born/woman (1992)

Nationality:

noun - Central African(s); adjective - Central African

Ethnic divisions:

about 80 ethnic groups, the majority of which have related ethnic and

linguistic characteristics; Baya 34%, Banda 27%, Sara 10%, Mandjia 21%,

Mboum 4%, M'Baka 4%; 6,500 Europeans, of whom 3,600 are French

Religions:

indigenous beliefs 24%, Protestant 25%, Roman Catholic 25%, Muslim 15%,

other 11%; animistic beliefs and practices strongly influence the Christian

majority

Languages:

French (official); Sangho (lingua franca and national language); Arabic,

Hunsa, Swahili

Literacy:

27% (male 33%, female 15%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)

Labor force:

775,413 (1986 est.); agriculture 85%, commerce and services 9%, industry 3%,

government 3%; about 64,000 salaried workers; 55% of population of working

age (1985)

Organized labor:

1% of labor force

:Central African Republic Government

Long-form name:

Central African Republic (no short-form name); abbreviated CAR

Type:

republic, one-party presidential regime since 1986

Capital:

Bangui

Administrative divisions:

14 prefectures (prefectures, singular - prefecture), 2 economic prefectures*

(prefectures economiques, singular - prefecture economique), and 1

commune**; Bamingui-Bangoran, Bangui** Basse-Kotto, Gribingui*, Haute-Kotto,

Haute-Sangha, Haut-Mbomou, Kemo-Gribingui, Lobaye, Mbomou, Nana-Mambere,

Ombella-Mpoko, Ouaka, Ouham, Ouham-Pende, Sangha*, Vakaga

Independence:

13 August 1960 (from France; formerly Central African Empire)

Constitution:

21 November 1986

Legal system:

based on French law

National holiday:

National Day (proclamation of the republic), 1 December (1958)

Executive branch:

president, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet)

Legislative branch:

unicameral National Assembly (Assemblee Nationale) advised by the Economic

and Regional Council (Conseil Economique et Regional); when they sit

together this is known as the Congress (Congres)

Judicial branch:

Supreme Court (Cour Supreme)

Leaders:

Chief of State::

President Andre-Dieudonne KOLINGBA (since 1 September 1981)

Head of Government::

Prime Minister Edouard FRANCK (since 15 March 1991)

Political parties and leaders:

Centrafrican Democratic Rally Party (RDC), Andre-Dieudonne KOLINGBA; note -

as part of political reforms leading to a democratic system announced in

April 1991, 18 opposition parties have been legalized

Suffrage:

universal at age 21

Elections:

National Assembly:

last held 31 July 1987 (next to be held by end of 1992); results - RDC is

the only party; seats - (52 total) RDC 52

President:

last held 21 November 1986 (next to be held by end of 1992); results -

President KOLINGBA was reelected without opposition

Communists:

small number of Communist sympathizers

Member of:

ACCT, ACP, AfDB, BDEAC, CCC, CEEAC, ECA, FAO, FZ, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO,

ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU,

UDEAC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO

Diplomatic representation:

Ambassador Jean-Pierre SOHAHONG-KOMBET; Chancery at 1618 22nd Street NW,

Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 483-7800 or 7801

US:

Ambassador Daniel H. SIMPSON; Embassy at Avenue du President David Dacko,

Bangui (mailing address is B. P. 924, Bangui); telephone 61-02-00, 61-25-78,

or 61-43-33; FAX [190] (236) 61-44-94

:Central African Republic Government

Flag:

four equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, green, and yellow with a

vertical red band in center; there is a yellow five-pointed star on the

hoist side of the blue band

:Central African Republic Economy

Overview:

Subsistence agriculture, including forestry, is the backbone of the CAR

economy, with more than 70% of the population living in the countryside. In

1988 the agricultural sector generated about 40% of GDP. Agricultural

products accounted for about 60% of export earnings and the diamond industry

for 30%. The country's 1991 budget deficit was US $70 million and in 1992 is

expected to be about the same. Important constraints to economic development

include the CAR's landlocked position, a poor transportation system, and a

weak human resource base. Multilateral and bilateral development assistance,

particularly from France, plays a major role in providing capital for new

investment.

GDP:

exchange rate conversion - $1.3 billion, per capita $440; real growth rate -

3.0% (1990 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

-3.0% (1990 est.)

Unemployment rate:

30% in Bangui (1988 est.)

Budget:

revenues $121 million; expenditures $193 million, including capital

expenditures of $NA million (1991 est.)

Exports:

$151.3 million (1990 est.)

commodities:

diamonds, cotton, coffee, timber, tobacco

partners:

France, Belgium, Italy, Japan, US

Imports:

$214.5 million (1990 est.)

commodities:

food, textiles, petroleum products, machinery, electrical equipment, motor

vehicles, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, consumer goods, industrial products

partners:

France, other EC countries, Japan, Algeria, Yugoslavia

External debt:

$700 million (1990 est.)

Industrial production:

0.8% (1988); accounts for 12% of GDP

Electricity:

40,000 kW capacity; 95 million kWh produced, 30 kWh per capita (1991)

Industries:

diamond mining, sawmills, breweries, textiles, footwear, assembly of

bicycles and motorcycles

Agriculture:

accounts for 40% of GDP; self-sufficient in food production except for

grain; commercial crops - cotton, coffee, tobacco, timber; food crops -

manioc, yams, millet, corn, bananas

Economic aid:

US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $49 million; Western (non-US)

countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.5 billion; OPEC

bilateral aid (1979-89), $6 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $38

million

Currency:

Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (plural - francs); 1 CFA franc (CFAF)

= 100 centimes

Exchange rates:

Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 269.01 (January

1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 (1988), 300.54

(1987)

:Central African Republic Economy

Fiscal year: calendar year

:Central African Republic Communications

Highways:

22,000 km total; 458 km bituminous, 10,542 km improved earth, 11,000

unimproved earth

Inland waterways:

800 km; traditional trade carried on by means of shallow-draft dugouts;

Oubangui is the most important river

Civil air:

2 major transport aircraft

Airports:

66 total, 52 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways

over 3,659 m; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 22 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

Telecommunications:

fair system; network relies primarily on radio relay links, with

low-capacity, low-powered radiocommunication also used; broadcast stations -

1 AM, 1 FM, 1 TV; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station

:Central African Republic Defense Forces

Branches:

Central African Army (including Republican Guard), Air Force, National

Gendarmerie, Police Force

Manpower availability:

males 15-49, 677,889; 354,489 fit for military service

Defense expenditures:

exchange rate conversion - $23 million, 1.8% of GDP (1989 est.)

:Chad Geography

Total area:

1,284,000 km2

Land area:

1,259,200 km2

Comparative area:

slightly more than three times the size of California

Land boundaries:

5,968 km; Cameroon 1,094 km, Central African Republic 1,197 km, Libya 1,055

km, Niger 1,175 km, Nigeria 87 km, Sudan 1,360 km

Coastline:

none - landlocked

Maritime claims:

none - landlocked

Disputes:

Libya claims and occupies the 100,000 km2 Aozou Strip in the far north;

demarcation of international boundaries in Lake Chad, the lack of which has

led to border incidents in the past, is completed and awaiting ratification

by Cameroon, Chad, Niger, and Nigeria

Climate:

tropical in south, desert in north

Terrain:

broad, arid plains in center, desert in north, mountains in northwest,

lowlands in south

Natural resources:

crude oil (unexploited but exploration under way), uranium, natron, kaolin,

fish (Lake Chad)

Land use:

arable land 2%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 36%; forest and

woodland 11%; other 51%; includes irrigated NEGL%

Environment:

hot, dry, dusty harmattan winds occur in north; drought and desertification

adversely affecting south; subject to plagues of locusts

Note:

landlocked; Lake Chad is the most significant water body in the Sahel

:Chad People

Population:

5,238,908 (July 1992), growth rate 2.1% (1992)

Birth rate:

42 births/1,000 population (1992)

Death rate:

21 deaths/1,000 population (1992)

Net migration rate:

0 migrants/1,000 population (1992)

Infant mortality rate:

136 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)

Life expectancy at birth:

39 years male, 41 years female (1992)

Total fertility rate:

5.3 children born/woman (1992)

Nationality:

noun - Chadian(s); adjective - Chadian

Ethnic divisions:

some 200 distinct ethnic groups, most of whom are Muslims (Arabs, Toubou,

Hadjerai, Fulbe, Kotoko, Kanembou, Baguirmi, Boulala, Zaghawa, and Maba) in

the north and center and non-Muslims (Sara, Ngambaye, Mbaye, Goulaye,

Moundang, Moussei, Massa) in the south; some 150,000 nonindigenous, of whom

1,000 are French

Religions:

Muslim 44%, Christian 33%, indigenous beliefs, animism 23%

Languages:

French and Arabic (official); Sara and Sango in south; more than 100

different languages and dialects are spoken

Literacy:

30% (male 42%, female 18%) age 15 and over can read and write French or

Arabic (1990 est.)

Labor force:

NA; agriculture (engaged in unpaid subsistence farming, herding, and

fishing) 85%

Organized labor:

about 20% of wage labor force

:Chad Government

Long-form name:

Republic of Chad

Type:

republic

Capital:

N'Djamena

Administrative divisions:

14 prefectures (prefectures, singular - prefecture); Batha, Biltine,

Borkou-Ennedi-Tibesti, Chari-Baguirmi, Guera, Kanem, Lac, Logone Occidental,

Logone Oriental, Mayo-Kebbi, Moyen-Chari, Ouaddai, Salamat, Tandjile

Independence:

11 August 1960 (from France)

Constitution:

22 December 1989, suspended 3 December 1990; Provisional National Charter 1

March 1991

Legal system:

based on French civil law system and Chadian customary law; has not accepted

compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

National holiday:

11 August

Executive branch:

president, Council of State (cabinet)

Legislative branch:

the National Consultative Council (Conseil National Consultatif) was

disbanded 3 December 1990 and replaced by the Provisional Council of the

Republic; 30 members appointed by President DEBY on 8 March 1991

Judicial branch:

Court of Appeal

Leaders:

Chief of State:

Col. Idriss DEBY (since 4 December 1990)

Head of Government:

Prime Minister Jean ALINGUE Bawoyeu (since 8 March 1991)

Political parties and leaders:

Patriotic Salvation Movement (MPS; former dissident group), Idriss DEBY,

chairman; President DEBY has promised political pluralism, a new

constitution, and free elections by September 1993; numerous dissident

groups; national conference to be held in 1992

Suffrage:

universal at age NA

Elections:

National Consultative Council:

last held 8 July 1990; disbanded 3 December 1990

President:

last held 10 December 1989 (next to be held NA); results - President Hissein

HABRE was elected without opposition; note - the government of then

President HABRE fell on 1 December 1990, and Idriss DEBY seized power on 3

December 1990; national conference scheduled for mid-1992 and election to

follow in 1993

Communists:

no front organizations or underground party; probably a few Communists and

some sympathizers

Other political or pressure groups:

NA

Member of:

ACCT, ACP, AfDB, BDEAC, CEEAC, ECA, FAO, FZ, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU,

IDA, IDB, IFAD, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OAU,

OIC, UDEAC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

:Chad Government

Diplomatic representation:

Ambassador ACHEIKH ibn Oumar; Chancery at 2002 R Street NW, Washington, DC

20009; telephone (202) 462-4009

US:

Ambassador Richard W. BOGOSIAN; Embassy at Avenue Felix Eboue, N'Djamena

(mailing address is B. P. 413, N'Djamena); telephone [235] (51) 62-18,

40-09, or 51-62-11; FAX [235] 51-33-72

Flag:

three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and red; similar to

the flag of Romania; also similar to the flag of Andorra, which has a

national coat of arms featuring a quartered shield centered in the yellow

band; design was based on the flag of France

:Chad Economy

Overview:

The climate, geographic location, and lack of infrastructure and natural

resources potential make Chad one of the most underdeveloped countries in

the world. Its economy is burdened by the ravages of civil war, conflict

with Libya, drought, and food shortages. In 1986 real GDP returned to its

1977 level, with cotton, the major cash crop, accounting for 48% of exports.

Over 80% of the work force is employed in subsistence farming and fishing.

Industry is based almost entirely on the processing of agricultural

products, including cotton, sugarcane, and cattle. Chad is highly dependent

on foreign aid, with its economy in trouble and many regions suffering from

shortages. Oil companies are exploring areas north of Lake Chad and in the

Doba basin in the south. Since coming to power in December 1990, the Deby

government has experienced a year of economic chaos.

GDP:

exchange rate conversion - $1.0 billion, per capita $205; real growth rate

0.9% (1989 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

—4.9% (1989)

Unemployment rate:

NA

Budget:

entirely funded by outside donors

Exports:

$174 million (f.o.b., 1990 est.)

commodities:

cotton 48%, cattle 35%, textiles 5%, fish

partners:

France, Nigeria, Cameroon

Imports:

$264 million (c.i.f., 1990 est.)

commodities:

machinery and transportation equipment 39%, industrial goods 20%, petroleum

products 13%, foodstuffs 9%; note - excludes military equipment

partners:

US, France, Nigeria, Cameroon

External debt:

$530 million (December 1990 est.)

Industrial production:

growth rate 12.9% (1989 est.); accounts for nearly 15% of GDP

Electricity:

40,000 kW capacity; 70 million kWh produced, 15 kWh per capita (1991)

Industries:

cotton textile mills, slaughterhouses, brewery, natron (sodium carbonate),

soap, cigarettes

Agriculture:

accounts for about 45% of GDP; largely subsistence farming; cotton most

important cash crop; food crops include sorghum, millet, peanuts, rice,

potatoes, manioc; livestock - cattle, sheep, goats, camels; self-sufficient

in food in years of adequate rainfall

Economic aid:

US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $198 million; Western (non-US)

countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.5 billion; OPEC

bilateral aid (1979-89), $28 million; Communist countries (1970-89), $80

million

Currency:

Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (plural - francs); 1 CFA franc (CFAF)

= 100 centimes

:Chad Economy

Exchange rates:

Communaute Financiere Africaine Francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 269.01 (January

1992), 282.11 (1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 (1988), 300.54

(1987)

Fiscal year:

calendar year

:Chad Communications

Highways:

31,322 km total; 32 km bituminous; 7,300 km gravel and laterite; remainder

unimproved earth

Inland waterways:

2,000 km navigable

Civil air:

3 major transport aircraft

Airports:

71 total, 55 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways

over 3,659 m; 4 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 25 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

Telecommunications:

fair system of radiocommunication stations for intercity links; broadcast

stations - 6 AM, 1 FM, limited TV service; many facilities are inoperative;

1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth station

:Chad Defense Forces

Branches:

Army (includes Ground Forces, Air Force, and Gendarmerie), National Police,

Republican Guard

Manpower availability:

males 15-49, 1,217,728; 632,833 fit for military service; 50,966 reach

military age (20) annually

Defense expenditures:

exchange rate conversion - $39 million, 4.3% of GDP (1988)

:Chile Geography

Total area:

756,950 km2

Land area:

748,800 km2; includes Isla de Pascua (Easter Island) and Isla Sala y Gomez

Comparative area:

slightly smaller than twice the size of Montana

Land boundaries:

6,171 km; Argentina 5,150 km, Bolivia 861 km, Peru 160 km

Coastline:

6,435 km

Maritime claims:

Contiguous zone:

24 nm

Continental shelf:

200 nm

Exclusive economic zone:

200 nm

Territorial sea:

12 nm

Disputes:

short section of the southern boundary with Argentina is indefinite; Bolivia

has wanted a sovereign corridor to the South Pacific Ocean since the Atacama

area was lost to Chile in 1884; dispute with Bolivia over Rio Lauca water

rights; territorial claim in Antarctica (Chilean Antarctic Territory)

partially overlaps Argentine claim

Climate:

temperate; desert in north; cool and damp in south

Terrain:

low coastal mountains; fertile central valley; rugged Andes in east

Natural resources:

copper, timber, iron ore, nitrates, precious metals, molybdenum

Land use:

arable land 7%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 16%; forest and

woodland 21%; other 56%; includes irrigated 2%

Environment:

subject to severe earthquakes, active volcanism, tsunami; Atacama Desert one

of world's driest regions; desertification

Note:

strategic location relative to sea lanes between Atlantic and Pacific Oceans

(Strait of Magellan, Beagle Channel, Drake Passage)

:Chile People

Population:

13,528,945 (July 1992), growth rate 1.6% (1992)

Birth rate:

21 births/1,000 population (1992)

Death rate:

6 deaths/1,000 population (1992)

Net migration rate:

0 migrants/1,000 population (1992)

Infant mortality rate:

17 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)

Life expectancy at birth:

71 years male, 77 years female (1992)

Total fertility rate:

2.5 children born/woman (1992)

Nationality:

noun - Chilean(s); adjective - Chilean

Ethnic divisions:

European and European-Indian 95%, Indian 3%, other 2%

Religions:

Roman Catholic 89%, Protestant 11%, and small Jewish population

Languages:

Spanish

Literacy:

93% (male 94%, female 93%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)

Labor force:

4,728,000; services 38.3% (includes government 12%); industry and commerce

33.8%; agriculture, forestry, and fishing 19.2%; mining 2.3%; construction

6.4% (1990)

Organized labor:

13% of labor force (1990)

:Chile Government

Long-form name:

Republic of Chile

Type:

republic

Capital:

Santiago

Administrative divisions:

13 regions (regiones, singular - region); Aisen del General Carlos Ibanez

del Campo, Antofagasta, Araucania, Atacama, Bio-Bio, Coquimbo, Libertador

General Bernardo O'Higgins, Los Lagos, Magallanes y de la Antartica Chilena,

Maule, Region Metropolitana, Tarapaca, Valparaiso; note - the US does not

recognize claims to Antarctica

Independence:

18 September 1810 (from Spain)

Constitution:

11 September 1980, effective 11 March 1981; amended 30 July 1989

Legal system:

based on Code of 1857 derived from Spanish law and subsequent codes

influenced by French and Austrian law; judicial review of legislative acts

in the Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

National holiday:

Independence Day, 18 September (1810)

Executive branch:

president, Cabinet

Legislative branch:

bicameral National Congress (Congreso Nacional) consisting of an upper house

or Senate (Senado) and a lower house or Chamber of Deputies (Camara de

Diputados)

Judicial branch:

Supreme Court (Corte Suprema)

Leaders:

Chief of State and Head of Government:

President Patricio AYLWIN Azocar (since 11 March 1990)

Political parties and leaders:

Concertation of Parties for Democracy now consists mainly of five parties -

Christian Democratic Party (PDC), Eduardo FREI Ruiz-Tagle; Party for

Democracy (PPD), Erich SCHNAKE; Radical Party (PR), Carlos GONZALEZ Marquez;

Social Democratic Party (PSP), Roberto MUNOZ Barros; Socialist Party (PS),

Ricardo NUNEZ; National Renovation (RN), Andres ALLAMAND; Independent

Democratic Union (UDI), Julio DITTBORN; Center-Center Union (UCC), Francisco

Juner ERRAZURIZA; Communist Party of Chile (PCCh), Volodia TEITELBOIM;

Movement of Revolutionary Left (MIR) is splintered, no single leader

Suffrage:

universal and compulsory at age 18

Elections:

Chamber of Deputies:

last held 14 December 1989 (next to be held December 1993 or January 1994);

results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (120 total) Concertation of

Parties for Democracy 72 (PDC 38, PPD 17, PR 5, other 12), RN 29, UDI 11,

right-wing independents 8

President:

last held 14 December 1989 (next to be held December 1993 or January 1994);

results - Patricio AYLWIN (PDC) 55.2%, Hernan BUCHI 29.4%, other 15.4%

Senate:

last held 14 December 1989 (next to be held December 1993 or January 1994);

results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (46 total, 38 elected)

Concertation of Parties for Democracy 22 (PDC 13, PPD 5, PR 2, PSD 1, PRSD

1), RN 6, UDI 2, independents 8

:Chile Government

Communists:

The PCCh has legal party status and has less than 60,000 members

Other political or pressure groups:

revitalized university student federations at all major universities

dominated by opposition political groups; labor - United Labor Central (CUT)

includes trade unionists from the country's five largest labor

confederations; Roman Catholic Church

Member of:

CCC, ECLAC, FAO, G-11, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD,

IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LAES,

LAIA, LORCS, OAS, OPANAL, PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMOGIP,

UNTSO, UPU, WCL, WFTV, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation:

Ambassador Patricio SILVA Echenique; Chancery at 1732 Massachusetts Avenue

NW, Washington, DC 20036; telephone (202) 785-1746; there are Chilean

Consulates General in Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, Philadelphia,

and San Francisco

US:

Ambassador Curtis KAMMAN; Embassy at Codina Building, 1343 Agustinas,

Santiago (mailing address is APO AA 34033); telephone [56] (2) 671-0133; FAX

[56] (2) 699-1141

Flag:

two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red; there is a blue square

the same height as the white band at the hoist-side end of the white band;

the square bears a white five-pointed star in the center; design was based

on the US flag

:Chile Economy

Overview:

The government of President Aylwin, which took power in 1990, has opted to

retain the orthodox economic policies of Pinochet, although the share of

spending for social welfare has risen slightly. In 1991 growth in GDP

recovered to 5.5% (led by consumer spending) after only 2.1% growth in 1990.

The tight monetary policy of 1990 helped cut the rate of inflation from

27.3% in 1990 to 18.7% in 1991. Despite a 12% drop in copper prices, the

trade surplus rose in 1991, and international reserves increased.

Inflationary pressures are not expected to ease much in 1992, and economic

growth is likely to approach 7%.

GDP:

exchange rate conversion - $30.5 billion, per capita $2,300; real growth

rate 5.5% (1991 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

18.7% (1991)

Unemployment rate:

6.5% (1991)

Budget:

revenues $7.6 billion; expenditures $8.3 billion, including capital

expenditures of $772 million (1991 est.)

Exports:

$8.9 billion (f.o.b., 1991)

commodities:

copper 50%, other metals and minerals 7%, wood products 6.5%, fish and

fishmeal 9%, fruits 5% (1989)

partners:

EC 36%, US 18%, Japan 14%, Brazil 6% (1989)

Imports:

$7.4 billion (f.o.b., 1991)

commodities:

petroleum, wheat, capital goods, spare parts, raw materials

partners:

EC 20%, US 20%, Japan 11%, Brazil 10% (1989)

External debt:

$16.2 billion (October 1991)

Industrial production:

growth rate 5.9% (1991 est.); accounts for 36% of GDP

Electricity:

5,502,800 kW capacity; 21,470 million kWh produced, 1,616 kWh per capita

(1991)

Industries:

copper, other minerals, foodstuffs, fish processing, iron and steel, wood

and wood products, transport equipment, cement, textiles

Agriculture:

accounts for about 9% of GDP (including fishing and forestry); major

exporter of fruit, fish, and timber products; major crops - wheat, corn,

grapes, beans, sugar beets, potatoes, deciduous fruit; livestock products -

beef, poultry, wool; self-sufficient in most foods; 1989 fish catch of 6.1

million metric tons; net agricultural importer

Economic aid:

US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $521 million; Western (non-US)

countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1.6 billion;

Communist countries (1970-89), $386 million

Currency:

Chilean peso (plural - pesos); 1 Chilean peso (Ch$) = 100 centavos

Exchange rates:

Chilean pesos (Ch$) per US$1 - 368.66 (January 1992), 349.37 (1991), 305.06

(1990), 267.16 (1989), 245.05 (1988), 219.54 (1987)

:Chile Economy

Fiscal year: calendar year

:Chile Communications

Railroads:

7,766 km total; 3,974 km 1.676-meter gauge, 150 km 1.435-meter standard

gauge, 3,642 km 1.000-meter gauge; electrification, 1,865 km 1.676-meter

gauge, 80 km 1.000-meter gauge

Highways:

79,025 km total; 9,913 km paved, 33,140 km gravel, 35,972 km improved and

unimproved earth (1984)

Inland waterways:

725 km

Pipelines:

crude oil 755 km; petroleum products 785 km; natural gas 320 km

Ports:

Antofagasta, Iquique, Puerto Montt, Punta Arenas, Valparaiso, San Antonio,

Talcahuano, Arica

Merchant marine:

33 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 468,873 GRT/780,932 DWT; includes 11

cargo, 1 refrigerated cargo, 3 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 2 petroleum tanker, 1

chemical tanker, 3 liquefied gas, 3 combination ore/oil, 9 bulk; note - in

addition, 2 naval tanker and 2 military transport are sometimes used

commercially

Civil air:

29 major transport aircraft

Airports:

390 total, 349 usable; 48 with permanent-surface runways; none with runways

over 3,659 m; 12 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 58 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

Telecommunications:

modern telephone system based on extensive microwave relay facilities;

768,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 159 AM, no FM, 131 TV, 11

shortwave; satellite ground stations - 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT and 3

domestic

:Chile Defense Forces

Branches:

Army of the Nation, National Navy (including Naval Air, Coast Guard, and

Marines), Air Force of the Nation, Carabineros of Chile (National Police),

Investigative Police

Manpower availability:

males 15-49, 3,600,654; 2,685,924 fit for military service; 118,480 reach

military age (19) annually

Defense expenditures:

exchange rate conversion - $1 billion, 3.4% of GDP (1991 est.)

:China Geography

Total area:

9,596,960 km2

Land area:

9,326,410 km2

Comparative area:

slightly larger than the US

Land boundaries:

22,143.34 km; Afghanistan 76 km, Bhutan 470 km, Burma 2,185 km, Hong Kong 30

km, India 3,380 km, Kazakhstan 1,533 km, North Korea 1,416 km, Kyrgyzstan

858 km, Laos 423 km, Macau 0.34 km, Mongolia 4,673 km, Nepal 1,236 km,

Pakistan 523 km, Russia (northeast) 3,605 km, Russia (northwest) 40 km,

Tajikistan 414 km, Vietnam 1,281 km

Coastline:

14,500 km

Maritime claims:

Continental shelf:

claim to shallow areas of East China Sea and Yellow Sea

Territorial sea:

12 nm

Disputes:

boundary with India; bilateral negotiations are under way to resolve

disputed sections of the boundary with Russia; boundary with Tajikistan

under dispute: a short section of the boundary with North Korea is

indefinite; involved in a complex dispute over the Spratly Islands with

Malaysia, Philippines, Taiwan, Vietnam, and possibly Brunei; maritime

boundary dispute with Vietnam in the Gulf of Tonkin; Paracel Islands

occupied by China, but claimed by Vietnam and Taiwan; claims

Japanese-administered Senkaku-shoto, as does Taiwan, (Senkaku Islands/Diaoyu

Tai)

Climate:

extremely diverse; tropical in south to subarctic in north

Terrain:

mostly mountains, high plateaus, deserts in west; plains, deltas, and hills

in east

Natural resources:

coal, iron ore, crude oil, mercury, tin, tungsten, antimony, manganese,

molybdenum, vanadium, magnetite, aluminum, lead, zinc, uranium, world's

largest hydropower potential

Land use:

arable land 10%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 31%; forest and

woodland 14%; other 45%; includes irrigated 5%

Environment:

frequent typhoons (about five times per year along southern and eastern

coasts), damaging floods, tsunamis, earthquakes; deforestation; soil

erosion; industrial pollution; water pollution; air pollution;

desertification

Note:

world's third-largest country (after Russia and Canada)

:China People

Population:

1,169,619,601 (July 1992), growth rate 1.6% (1992)

Birth rate:

22 births/1,000 population (1992)

Death rate:

7 deaths/1,000 population (1992)

Net migration rate:

0 migrants/1,000 population (1992)

Infant mortality rate:

32 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)

Life expectancy at birth:

69 years male, 72 years female (1992)

Total fertility rate:

2.3 children born/woman (1992)

Nationality:

noun - Chinese (singular and plural); adjective - Chinese

Ethnic divisions:

Han Chinese 93.3%; Zhuang, Uygur, Hui, Yi, Tibetan, Miao, Manchu, Mongol,

Buyi, Korean, and other nationalities 6.7%

Religions:

officially atheist, but traditionally pragmatic and eclectic; most important

elements of religion are Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism; Muslim 2-3%,

Christian 1% (est.)

Languages:

Standard Chinese (Putonghua) or Mandarin (based on the Beijing dialect);

also Yue (Cantonese), Wu (Shanghainese), Minbei (Fuzhou), Minnan

(Hokkien-Taiwanese), Xiang, Gan, Hakka dialects, and minority languages (see

ethnic divisions)

Literacy:

73% (male 84%, female 62%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)

Labor force:

567,400,000; agriculture and forestry 60%, industry and commerce 25%,

construction and mining 5%, social services 5%, other 5% (1990 est.)

Organized labor:

All-China Federation of Trade Unions (ACFTU) follows the leadership of the

Chinese Communist Party; membership over 80 million or about 65% of the

urban work force (1985)

:China Government

Long-form name:

People's Republic of China; abbreviated PRC

Type:

Communist Party - led state

Capital:

Beijing

Administrative divisions:

23 provinces (sheng, singular and plural), 5 autonomous regions* (zizhiqu,

singular and plural), and 3 municipalities** (shi, singular and plural);

Anhui, Beijing Shi**, Fujian, Gansu, Guangdong, Guangxi*, Guizhou, Hainan,

Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning,

Nei Mongol*, Ningxia*, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanghai Shi**, Shanxi,

Sichuan, Tianjin Shi**, Xinjiang*, Xizang*, Yunnan, Zhejiang; note - China

considers Taiwan its 23rd province

Independence:

unification under the Qin (Ch'in) Dynasty 221 BC, Qing (Ch'ing) Dynasty

replaced by the Republic on 12 February 1912, People's Republic established

1 October 1949

Constitution:

most recent promulgated 4 December 1982

Legal system:

a complex amalgam of custom and statute, largely criminal law; rudimentary

civil code in effect since 1 January 1987; new legal codes in effect since 1

January 1980; continuing efforts are being made to improve civil,

administrative, criminal, and commercial law

National holiday:

National Day, 1 October (1949)

Executive branch:

president, vice president, premier, five vice premiers, State Council

Legislative branch:

unicameral National People's Congress (Quanguo Renmin Daibiao Dahui)

Judicial branch:

Supreme People's Court

Leaders:

Chief of State:

President YANG Shangkun (since 8 April 1988); Vice President WANG Zhen

(since 8 April 1988)

Chief of State and Head of Government (de facto):

DENG Xiaoping (since mid-1977)

Head of Government:

Premier LI Peng (Acting Premier since 24 November 1987, Premier since 9

April 1988); Vice Premier YAO Yilin (since 2 July 1979); Vice Premier TIAN

Jiyun (since 20 June 1983); Vice Premier WU Xueqian (since 12 April 1988);

Vice Premier ZOU Jiahua (since 8 April 1991); Vice Premier ZHU Rongji (since

8 April 1991)

Political parties and leaders:

- Chinese Communist Party (CCP), JIANG Zemin, general secretary of the

Central Committee (since 24 June 1989); also, eight registered small parties

controlled by CCP

Suffrage:

universal at age 18

Elections:

National People's Congress:

last held March 1988 (next to be held March 1993); results - CCP is the only

party but there are also independents; seats - (2,976 total) CCP and

independents 2,976 (indirectly elected at county or xian level)

President:

last held 8 April 1988 (next to be held March 1993); results - YANG Shangkun

was nominally elected by the Seventh National People's Congress

:China Government

Communists:

49,000,000 party members (1990 est.)

Other political or pressure groups:

such meaningful opposition as exists consists of loose coalitions, usually

within the party and government organization, that vary by issue

Member of:

AfDB, APEC, AsDB, CCC, ESCAP, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO,

IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, ISO, ITU, LORCS, PCA, UN,

UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UN Security Council, UNTSO, UN Trusteeship

Council, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation:

Ambassador ZHU Qizhen; Chancery at 2300 Connecticut Avenue NW, Washington,

DC 20008; telephone (202) 328-2500 through 2502; there are Chinese

Consulates General in Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, and San

Francisco

US:

Ambassador J. Stapleton ROY; Embassy at Xiu Shui Bei Jie 3, Beijing (mailing

address is 100600, PSC 461, Box 50, Beijing or FPO AP 96521-0002); telephone

[86] (1) 532-3831; FAX [86] (1) 532-3178; there are US Consulates General in

Chengdu, Guangzhou, Shanghai, and Shenyang

Flag:

red with a large yellow five-pointed star and four smaller yellow

five-pointed stars (arranged in a vertical arc toward the middle of the

flag) in the upper hoist-side corner

:China Economy

Overview:

Beginning in late 1978 the Chinese leadership has been trying to move the

economy from the sluggish Soviet-style centrally planned economy to a more

productive and flexible economy with market elements, but still within the

framework of monolithic Communist control. To this end the authorities have

switched to a system of household responsibility in agriculture in place of

the old collectivization, increased the authority of local officials and

plant managers in industry, permitted a wide variety of small-scale

enterprise in services and light manufacturing, and opened the foreign

economic sector to increased trade and joint ventures. The most gratifying

result has been a strong spurt in production, particularly in agriculture in

the early 1980s. Industry also has posted major gains, especially in coastal

areas near Hong Kong and opposite Taiwan, where foreign investment and

modern production methods have helped spur production of both domestic and

export goods. Aggregate output has more than doubled since 1978. On the

darker side, the leadership has often experienced in its hybrid system the

worst results of socialism (bureaucracy, lassitude, corruption) and of

capitalism (windfall gains and stepped-up inflation). Beijing thus has

periodically backtracked, retightening central controls at intervals and

thereby lessening the credibility of the reform process. In 1991 output rose

substantially, particularly in the favored coastal areas. Popular

resistance, changes in central policy, and loss of authority by rural cadres

have weakened China's population control program, which is essential to the

nation's long-term economic viability.

GNP:

$NA, per capita $NA; real growth rate 6% (1991)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

2.1% (1991)

Unemployment rate:

4.0% in urban areas (1991)

Budget:

deficit $9.5 billion (1990)

Exports:

$71.9 billion (f.o.b., 1991)

commodities:

textiles, garments, telecommunications and recording equipment, petroleum,

minerals

partners:

Hong Kong, Japan, US, USSR, Singapore (1990)

Imports:

$63.8 billion (c.i.f., 1991)

commodities:

specialized industrial machinery, chemicals, manufactured goods, steel,

textile yarn, fertilizer

partners:

Hong Kong, Japan, US, Germany, Taiwan (1990)

External debt:

$51 billion (1990 est.)

Industrial production:

growth rate 14.0% (1991); accounts for 45% of GNP

Electricity:

138,000,000 kW capacity (1990); 670,000 million kWh produced (1991), 582 kWh

per capita (1991)

Industries:

iron, steel, coal, machine building, armaments, textiles, petroleum, cement,

chemical fertilizers, consumer durables, food processing

:China Economy

Agriculture:

accounts for 26% of GNP; among the world's largest producers of rice,

potatoes, sorghum, peanuts, tea, millet, barley, and pork; commercial crops

include cotton, other fibers, and oilseeds; produces variety of livestock

products; basically self-sufficient in food; fish catch of 8 million metric

tons in 1986

Illicit drugs:

transshipment point for heroin produced in the Golden Triangle

Economic aid:

donor - to less developed countries (1970-89) $7.0 billion; US commitments,

including Ex-Im (FY70-87), $220.7 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA

and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $13.5 billion

Currency:

yuan (plural - yuan); 1 yuan (Y) = 10 jiao

Exchange rates:

yuan (Y) per US$1 - 5.4481 (January 1992), 5.3234 (1991), 4.7832 (1990),

3.7651 (1989), 3.7221 (1988), 3.7221 (1987)

Fiscal year:

calendar year

:China Communications

Railroads:

total about 54,000 km common carrier lines; 53,400 km 1.435-meter standard

gauge; 600 km 1.000-meter gauge; of these 11,200 km are double track

standard-gauge lines; 6,900 km electrified (1990); 10,000 km dedicated

industrial lines (gauges range from 0.762 to 1.067 meters)

Highways:

about 1,029,000 km (1990) all types roads; 170,000 km (est.) paved roads,

648,000 km (est.) gravel/improved earth roads, 211,000 km (est.) unimproved

earth roads and tracks

Inland waterways:

138,600 km; about 109,800 km navigable

Pipelines:

crude oil 9,700 km (1990); petroleum products 1,100 km; natural gas 6,200 km

Ports:

Dalian, Guangzhou, Huangpu, Qingdao, Qinhuangdao, Shanghai, Xingang,

Zhanjiang, Ningbo, Xiamen, Tanggu, Shantou

Merchant marine:

1,454 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 13,887,312 GRT/20,916,127 DWT;

includes 25 passenger, 42 short-sea passenger, 18 passenger-cargo, 6

cargo/training, 801 cargo, 10 refrigerated cargo, 77 container, 19

roll-on/roll-off cargo, 1 multifunction/barge carrier, 177 petroleum tanker,

10 chemical tanker, 254 bulk, 3 liquefied gas, 1 vehicle carrier, 9

combination bulk, 1 barge carrier; note - China beneficially owns an

additional 194 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling approximately 7,077,089

DWT that operate under Panamanian, British, Hong Kong, Maltese, Liberian,

Vanuatu, Cyprus, and Saint Vincent registry

Civil air:

284 major transport aircraft (1988 est.)

Airports:

330 total, 330 usable; 260 with permanent-surface runways; fewer than 10

with runways over 3,500 m; 90 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 200 with runways

1,220-2,439 m

Telecommunications:

domestic and international services are increasingly available for private

use; unevenly distributed internal system serves principal cities,

industrial centers, and most townships; 11,000,000 telephones (December

1989); broadcast stations - 274 AM, unknown FM, 202 (2,050 repeaters) TV;

more than 215 million radio receivers; 75 million TVs; satellite earth

stations - 4 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 1 INMARSAT,

and 55 domestic

:China Defense Forces

Branches:

People's Liberation Army (PLA), PLA Navy (including Marines), PLA Air Force,

People's Armed Police

Manpower availability:

males 15-49, 339,554,712; 188,995,620 fit for military service; 11,691,967

reach military age (18) annually

Defense expenditures:

exchange rate conversion - $12-15 billion, NA of GNP (1991 est.)

:Christmas Island Geography

Total area:

135 km2

Land area:

135 km2

Comparative area:

about 0.8 times the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries:

none

Coastline:

138.9 km

Maritime claims:

Contiguous zone:

12 nm

Exclusive fishing zone:

200 nm

Territorial sea:

3 nm

Disputes:

none

Climate:

tropical; heat and humidity moderated by trade winds

Terrain:

steep cliffs along coast rise abruptly to central plateau

Natural resources:

phosphate

Land use:

arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and

woodland 0%; other 100%

Environment:

almost completely surrounded by a reef

Note:

located along major sea lanes of Indian Ocean

:Christmas Island People

Population:

929 (July 1992), growth rate NA% (1992)

Birth rate:

NA births/1,000 population (1992)

Death rate:

NA deaths/1,000 population (1992)

Net migration rate:

NA migrants/1,000 population (1992)

Infant mortality rate:

NA deaths/1,000 live births (1992)

Life expectancy at birth:

NA years male, NA years female (1992)

Total fertility rate:

NA children born/woman (1992)

Nationality:

noun - Christmas Islander(s); adjective - Christmas Island

Ethnic divisions:

Chinese 61%, Malay 25%, European 11%, other 3%; no indigenous population

Religions:

Buddhist 36.1%, Muslim 25.4%, Christian 17.7% (Roman Catholic 8.2%, Church

of England 3.2%, Presbyterian 0.9%, Uniting Church 0.4%, Methodist 0.2%,

Baptist 0.1%, and other 4.7%), none 12.7%, unknown 4.6%, other 3.5% (1981)

Languages:

English

Literacy:

NA% (male NA%, female NA%)

Labor force:

NA; all workers are employees of the Phosphate Mining Company of Christmas

Island, Ltd.

Organized labor:

NA

:Christmas Island Government

Long-form name:

Territory of Christmas Island

Type:

territory of Australia

Capital:

The Settlement

Administrative divisions:

none (territory of Australia)

Independence:

none (territory of Australia)

Constitution:

Christmas Island Act of 1958

Legal system:

under the authority of the governor general of Australia

National holiday:

NA

Executive branch:

British monarch, governor general of Australia, administrator, Advisory

Council (cabinet)

Legislative branch:

none

Judicial branch:

none

Leaders:

Chief of State:

Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952)

Head of Government:

Administrator W. A. MCKENZIE (since NA)

Member of:

none

Diplomatic representation:

none (territory of Australia)

Flag:

the flag of Australia is used

:Christmas Island Economy

Overview:

Phosphate mining had been the only significant economic activity, but in

December 1987 the Australian Government closed the mine as no longer

economically viable. Plans have been under way to reopen the mine and also

to build a casino and hotel to develop tourism, with a possible opening date

during the first half of 1992.

GDP:

NA - $NA, per capita $NA; real growth rate NA%

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

NA%

Unemployment rate:

NA%

Budget:

revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA

Exports:

$NA

commodities:

phosphate

partners:

Australia, NZ

Imports:

$NA

commodities:

NA

partners:

NA

External debt:

$NA

Industrial production:

growth rate NA%

Electricity:

11,000 kW capacity; 30 million kWh produced, 13,170 kWh per capita (1990)

Industries:

phosphate extraction (near depletion)

Agriculture:

NA

Economic aid:

none

Currency:

Australian dollar (plural - dollars); 1 Australian dollar ($A) = 100 cents

Exchange rates:

Australian dollars ($A) per US$1 - 1.3360 (January 1992), 1.2836 (1991),

1.2799 (1990), 1.2618 (1989), 1.2752 (1988), 1.4267 (1987)

Fiscal year:

1 July - 30 June

:Christmas Island Communications

Ports:

Flying Fish Cove

Airports:

1 usable with permanent-surface runway 1,220-2,439 m

Telecommunications:

4,000 radios (1982)

:Christmas Island Defense Forces

Note: defense is the responsibility of Australia

:Clipperton Island Geography

Total area:

7 km2

Land area:

7 km2

Comparative area:

about 12 times the size of the Mall in Washington, DC

Land boundaries:

none

Coastline:

11.1 km

Maritime claims:

Exclusive economic zone:

200 nm

Territorial sea:

12 nm

Disputes:

claimed by Mexico

Climate:

tropical

Terrain:

coral atoll

Natural resources:

none

Land use:

arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and

woodland 0%; other (coral) 100%

Environment:

reef about 8 km in circumference

Note:

located 1,120 km southwest of Mexico in the North Pacific Ocean; also called

Ile de la Passion

:Clipperton Island People

Population: uninhabited

:Clipperton Island Government

Long-form name:

none

Type:

French possession administered by France from French Polynesia by High

Commissioner of the Republic Jean MONTPEZAT

Capital:

none; administered by France from French Polynesia

:Clipperton Island Economy

Overview:

The only economic activity is a tuna fishing station.

:Clipperton Island Communications

Ports: none; offshore anchorage only

:Clipperton Island Defense Forces

Note: defense is the responsibility of France

:Cocos Islands Geography

Total area:

14 km2

Land area:

14 km2; main islands are West Island and Home Island

Comparative area:

about 24 times the size of the Mall in Washington, DC

Land boundaries:

none

Coastline:

2.6 km

Maritime claims:

Exclusive fishing zone:

200 nm

Territorial sea:

3 nm

Disputes:

none

Climate:

pleasant, modified by the southeasttrade wind for about nine months of the

year; moderate rain fall

Terrain:

flat, low-lying coral atolls

Natural resources:

fish

Land use:

arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and

woodland 0%; other 100%

Environment:

two coral atolls thickly covered with coconut palms and other vegetation

Note:

located 1,070 km southwest of Sumatra (Indonesia) in the Indian Ocean about

halfway between Australia and Sri Lanka