Читать книгу The 1992 CIA World Factbook - United States. Central Intelligence Agency - Страница 5

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:Angola Economy

Overview:

Subsistence agriculture provides the main livelihood for 80-90% of the

population, but accounts for less than 15% of GDP. Oil production is vital

to the economy, contributing about 60% to GDP. In recent years, a bitter

internal war has severely affected the nonoil economy, and food has to be

imported. For the long run, Angola has the advantage of rich natural

resources in addition to oil, notably gold, diamonds, and arable land. To

realize its economic potential Angola not only must secure domestic peace

but also must reform government policies that have led to distortions and

imbalances throughout the economy.

GDP:

exchange rate conversion - $8.3 billion, per capita $950; real growth rate

1.7% (1991 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

6.1% (1990 est.)

Unemployment rate:

NA%

Budget:

revenues $2.6 billion; expenditures $4.4 billion, including capital

expenditures of $963 million (1990 est.)

Exports:

$3.9 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.)

commodities:

oil, liquefied petroleum gas, diamonds, coffee, sisal, fish and fish

products, timber, cotton

partners:

US, USSR, Cuba, Portugal, Brazil, France

Imports:

$1.5 billion (f.o.b., 1990 est.)

commodities:

capital equipment (machinery and electrical equipment), food, vehicles and

spare parts, textiles and clothing, medicines; substantial military

deliveries

partners:

US, USSR, Cuba, Portugal, Brazil

External debt:

$7.0 billion (1990)

Industrial production:

growth rate NA%; accounts for about 60% of GDP, including petroleum output

Electricity:

510,000 kW capacity; 770 million kWh produced, 90 kWh per capita (1991)

Industries:

petroleum, diamonds, mining, fish processing, food processing, brewing,

tobacco, sugar, textiles, cement, basic metal products

Agriculture:

cash crops - coffee, sisal, corn, cotton, sugar, manioc, tobacco; food crops

- cassava, corn, vegetables, plantains, bananas; livestock production

accounts for 20%, fishing 4%, forestry 2% of total agricultural output;

disruptions caused by civil war and marketing deficiencies require food

imports

Economic aid:

US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $265 million; Western (non-US)

countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $1,105 million;

Communist countries (1970-89), $1.3 billion; net official disbursements

(1985-89), $750 million

Currency:

kwanza (plural - kwanza); 1 kwanza (Kz) = 100 lwei

Exchange rates:

kwanza (Kz) per US$1 - 180.0

:Angola Economy

Fiscal year: calendar year

:Angola Communications

Railroads:

3,189 km total; 2,879 km 1.067-meter gauge, 310 km 0.600-meter gauge;

limited trackage in use because of landmines still in place from the civil

war; majority of the Benguela Railroad also closed because of civil war

Highways:

73,828 km total; 8,577 km bituminous-surface treatment, 29,350 km crushed

stone, gravel, or improved earth, remainder unimproved earth

Inland waterways:

1,295 km navigable

Pipelines:

crude oil 179 km

Ports:

Luanda, Lobito, Namibe, Cabinda

Merchant marine:

12 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 66,348 GRT/102,825 DWT; includes 11

cargo, 1 petroleum tanker

Civil air:

28 major transport aircraft

Airports:

309 total, 177 usable; 30 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways

over 3,659 m; 15 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 54 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

Telecommunications:

limited system of wire, radio relay, and troposcatter routes; high frequency

radio used extensively for military links; 40,300 telephones; broadcast

stations - 17 AM, 13 FM, 6 TV; 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations

:Angola Defense Forces

Branches:

Army, Navy, Air Force/Air Defense, People's Defense Organization and

Territorial Troops, Frontier Guard

Manpower availability:

males 15-49, 2,129,877; 1,072,323 fit for military service; 89,585 reach

military age (18) annually

Defense expenditures:

exchange rate conversion - $NA, NA% of GDP

:Anguilla Geography

Total area:

91 km2

Land area:

91 km2

Comparative area:

about half the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries:

none

Coastline:

61 km

Maritime claims:

Exclusive fishing zone:

200 nm

Territorial sea:

3 nm

Disputes:

none

Climate:

tropical; moderated by northeast trade winds

Terrain:

flat and low-lying island of coral and limestone

Natural resources:

negligible; salt, fish, lobster

Land use:

arable land NA%; permanent crops NA%; meadows and pastures NA%; forest and

woodland NA%; other NA%; mostly rock with sparse scrub oak, few trees, some

commercial salt ponds

Environment:

frequent hurricanes, other tropical storms (July to October)

Note:

located 270 km east of Puerto Rico

:Anguilla People

Population:

6,963 (July 1992), growth rate 0.6% (1992)

Birth rate:

24 births/1,000 population (1992)

Death rate:

8 deaths/1,000 population (1992)

Net migration rate:

—10 migrants/1,000 population (1992)

Infant mortality rate:

18 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)

Life expectancy at birth:

71 years male, 77 years female (1992)

Total fertility rate:

3.1 children born/woman (1992)

Nationality:

noun - Anguillan(s); adjective - Anguillan

Ethnic divisions:

mainly of black African descent

Religions:

Anglican 40%, Methodist 33%, Seventh-Day Adventist 7%, Baptist 5%, Roman

Catholic 3%, other 12%

Languages:

English (official)

Literacy:

95% (male 95%, female 95%) age 12 and over can read and write (1984)

Labor force:

2,780 (1984)

Organized labor:

:Anguilla Government

Long-form name:

none

Type:

dependent territory of the UK

Capital:

The Valley

Administrative divisions:

none (dependent territory of the UK)

Independence:

none (dependent territory of the UK)

Constitution:

1 April 1982

Legal system:

based on English common law

National holiday:

Anguilla Day, 30 May

Executive branch:

British monarch, governor, chief minister, Executive Council (cabinet)

Legislative branch:

unicameral House of Assembly

Judicial branch:

High Court

Leaders:

Chief of State:

Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor Brian G.

J. CANTY (since NA 1989)

Head of Government:

Chief Minister Emile GUMBS (since March 1984, served previously from

February 1977 to May 1980)

Political parties and leaders:

Anguilla National Alliance (ANA), Emile GUMBS; Anguilla United Party (AUP),

Hubert HUGHES; Anguilla Democratic Party (ADP), Victor BANKS

Suffrage:

universal at age 18

Elections:

House of Assembly:

last held 27 February 1989 (next to be held February 1994); results -

percent of vote by party NA; seats - (11 total, 7 elected) ANA 3, AUP 2, ADP

1, independent 1

Member of:

CARICOM (observer), CDB

Diplomatic representation:

none (dependent territory of the UK)

Flag:

two horizontal bands of white (top, almost triple width) and light blue with

three orange dolphins in an interlocking circular design centered in the

white band; a new flag may have been in use since 30 May 1990

:Anguilla Economy

Overview:

Anguilla has few natural resources, and the economy depends heavily on

lobster fishing, offshore banking, tourism, and remittances from emigrants.

In recent years the economy has benefited from a boom in tourism.

Development plans center around the improvement of the infrastructure,

particularly transport and tourist facilities, and also light industry.

GDP:

exchange rate conversion - $23 million, per capita $3,300; real growth rate

8.2% (1988 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

4.5% (1988 est.)

Unemployment rate:

5.0% (1988 est.)

Budget:

revenues $13.8 million; expenditures $15.2 million, including capital

expenditures of $2.4 million (1992 est.)

Exports:

$NA

commodities:

lobster and salt

partners:

Imports:

$NA

commodities:

partners:

External debt:

$NA

Industrial production:

growth rate NA%

Electricity:

2,000 kW capacity; 6 million kWh produced, 867 kWh per capita (1991)

Industries:

tourism, boat building, salt, fishing (including lobster)

Agriculture:

pigeon peas, corn, sweet potatoes, sheep, goats, pigs, cattle, poultry

Economic aid:

Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $38

million

Currency:

East Caribbean dollar (plural - dollars); 1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 cents

Exchange rates:

East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1 - 2.70 (fixed rate since 1976)

Fiscal year:

:Anguilla Communications

Highways:

60 km surfaced

Ports:

Road Bay, Blowing Point

Civil air:

no major transport aircraft

Airports:

3 total, 3 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways of 1,100 m (Wallblake

Airport)

Telecommunications:

modern internal telephone system; 890 telephones; broadcast stations - 3 AM,

1 FM, no TV; radio relay link to island of Saint Martin

:Anguilla Defense Forces

Note: defense is the responsibility of the UK

:Antarctica Geography

Total area:

14,000,000 km2 (est.)

Land area:

about 14,000,000 km2

Comparative area:

slightly less than 1.5 times the size of the US; second-smallest continent

(after Australia)

Land boundaries:

none, but see entry on Disputes

Coastline:

17,968 km

Maritime claims:

none, but see entry on Disputes

Disputes:

Antarctic Treaty defers claims (see Antarctic Treaty Summary below);

sections (some overlapping) claimed by Argentina, Australia, Chile, France

(Adelie Land), New Zealand (Ross Dependency), Norway (Queen Maud Land), and

UK; the US and Russia do not recognize the territorial claims of other

nations and have made no claims themselves (but reserve the right to do so);

no formal claims have been made in the sector between 90. west and 150.

west, where, because of floating ice, Antarctica is unapproachable from the

sea

Climate:

severe low temperatures vary with latitude, elevation, and distance from the

ocean; East Antarctica is colder than West Antarctica because of its higher

elevation; Antarctic Peninsula has the most moderate climate; higher

temperatures occur in January along the coast and average slightly below

freezing

Terrain:

about 98% thick continental ice sheet and 2% barren rock, with average

elevations between 2,000 and 4,000 meters; mountain ranges up to 4,897

meters high; ice-free coastal areas include parts of southern Victoria Land,

Wilkes Land, the Antarctic Peninsula area, and Ross Island on McMurdo Sound;

glaciers form ice shelves along about half of the coastline, and floating

ice shelves constitute 11% of the area of the continent

Natural resources:

none presently exploited; iron, chromium, copper, gold, nickel, platinum,

and other minerals, and coal and hydrocarbons have been found in small,

uncommercial quantities

Land use:

no arable land and no plant growth; ice 98%, barren rock 2%

Environment:

mostly uninhabitable; katabatic (gravity-driven) winds blow coastward from

the high interior; frequent blizzards form near the foot of the plateau; a

circumpolar ocean current flows clockwise along the coast as do cyclonic

storms that form over the ocean; during summer more solar radiation reaches

the surface at the South Pole than is received at the Equator in an

equivalent period; in October 1991 it was reported that the ozone shield,

which protects the Earth's surface from harmful ultraviolet radiation, had

dwindled to its lowest level ever over Antarctica; active volcanism on

Deception Island and isolated areas of West Antarctica; other seismic

activity rare and weak

Note:

the coldest, windiest, highest, and driest continent

:Antarctica People

Population:

no indigenous inhabitants; staffing of research stations varies seasonally

Population:

Summer (January) population:

4,115; Argentina 207, Australia 268, Belgium 13, Brazil 80, Chile 256, China

NA, Ecuador NA, Finland 11, France 78, Germany 32, Greenpeace 12, India 60,

Italy 210, Japan 59, South Korea 14, Netherlands 10, New Zealand 264, Norway

23, Peru 39, Poland NA, South Africa 79, Spain 43, Sweden 10, UK 116,

Uruguay NA, US 1,666, Russia 565 (1989-90)

Summer only stations:

over 40; Argentina 7, Australia 3, Chile 5, Germany 3, India 1, Italy 1,

Japan 4, New Zealand 2, Norway 1, Peru 1, South Africa 1, Spain 1, Sweden 2,

UK 1, US numerous, Russia 5 (1989-90); note - the disintegration of the

former Soviet Union has placed the status and future of its Antarctic

facilities in doubt. Stations may be subject to closings at any time because

of ongoing economic difficulties.

Winter (July) population:

1,066 total; Argentina 150, Australia 71, Brazil 12, Chile 73, China NA,

France 33, Germany 19, Greenpeace 5, India 1, Japan 38, South Korea 14, NZ

11, Poland NA, South Africa 12, UK 69, Uruguay NA, US 225, Russia 313

(1989-90)

Year-round stations:

43 total; Argentina 6, Australia 3, Brazil 1, Chile 3, China 2, Finland 1,

France 1, Germany 1, India 1, Japan 2, South Korea 1, NZ 1, Poland 1, South

Africa 3, UK 5, Uruguay 1, US 3, Russia 6 (1990-91)

:Antarctica Government

Long-form name:

none

Type:

Antarctic Treaty Summary: Article 1:

area to be used for peaceful purposes only; military activity, such as

weapons testing, is prohibited, but military personnel and equipment may be

used for scientific research or any other peaceful purposes

Article 2:

freedom of scientific investigation and cooperation shall continue

Article 3:

free exchange of information and personnel in cooperation with the UN and

other international agencies

Article 4:

does not recognize, dispute, or establish territorial claims and no new

claims shall be asserted while the treaty is in force

Article 5:

prohibits nuclear explosions or disposal of radioactive wastes

Article 6:

includes under the treaty all land and ice shelves south of 60. 00' south

Article 7:

treaty-state observers have free access, including aerial observation, to

any area and may inspect all stations, installations, and equipment; advance

notice of all activities and of the introduction of military personnel must

be given

Article 8:

allows for jurisdiction over observers and scientists by their own states

Article 9:

frequent consultative meetings take place among member nations

Article 10:

treaty states will discourage activities by any country in Antarctica that

are contrary to the treaty

Article 11:

disputes to be settled peacefully by the parties concerned or, ultimately,

by the ICJ

Article 12, 13, 14:

deal with upholding, interpreting, and amending the treaty among involved

nations

Other agreements:

more than 170 recommendations adopted at treaty consultative meetings and

ratified by governments include - Agreed Measures for the Conservation of

Antarctic Fauna and Flora (1964); Convention for the Conservation of

Antarctic Seals (1972); Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine

Living Resources (1980); a mineral resources agreement was signed in 1988

but was subsequently rejected; in 1991 the Protocol on Environmental

Protection to the Antarctic Treaty was signed and awaits ratification; this

agreement provides for the protection of the Antarctic environment through

five specific annexes on marine pollution, fauna, and flora, environmental

impact assessments, waste management, and protected areas; it also prohibits

all activities relating to mineral resources except scientific research

:Antarctica Economy

Overview:

No economic activity at present except for fishing off the coast and

small-scale tourism, both based abroad.

:Antarctica Communications

Ports:

none; offshore anchorage only at most coastal stations

Airports:

41 airport facilities at different locations operated by 14 national

governments party to the Treaty; one additional air facility operated by

commercial (nongovernmental) tourist organization; helicopter pads at 28 of

these locations; runways at 9 locations are gravel, sea ice, glacier ice, or

compacted snow surface suitable for wheeled fixed-wing aircraft; no paved

runways; 16 locations have snow-surface skiways limited to use by

ski-equipped planes - 9 runways/skiways 1,000 to 3,000 m, 4 runways/skiways

less than 1,000 m, 5 runways/skiways greater than 3,000 m, and 7 of

unspecified or variable length; airports generally subject to severe

restrictions and limitations resulting from extreme seasonal and geographic

conditions

:Antarctica Defense Forces

Note:

none; Article 7 of the Antarctic Treaty states that advance notice of all

military activities and the introduction of military personnel must be given

:Antigua and Barbuda Geography

Total area:

440 km2

Land area:

440 km2; includes Redonda

Comparative area:

slightly less than 2.5 times the size of Washington, DC

Land boundaries:

none

Coastline:

153 km

Maritime claims:

Contiguous zone:

24 nm

Exclusive economic zone:

200 nm

Territorial sea:

12 nm

Disputes:

none

Climate:

tropical marine; little seasonal temperature variation

Terrain:

mostly low-lying limestone and coral islands with some higher volcanic areas

Natural resources:

negligible; pleasant climate fosters tourism

Land use:

arable land 18%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 7%; forest and

woodland 16%; other 59%

Environment:

subject to hurricanes and tropical storms (July to October); insufficient

freshwater resources; deeply indented coastline provides many natural

harbors

Note:

420 km east-southeast of Puerto Rico

:Antigua and Barbuda People

Population:

64,110 (July 1992), growth rate 0.4% (1992)

Birth rate:

18 births/1,000 population (1992)

Death rate:

6 deaths/1,000 population (1992)

Net migration rate:

—8 migrants/1,000 population (1992)

Infant mortality rate:

20 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)

Life expectancy at birth:

71 years male, 75 years female (1992)

Total fertility rate:

1.7 children born/woman (1992)

Nationality:

noun - Antiguan(s), Barbudan(s); adjective - Antiguan, Barbudan

Ethnic divisions:

almost entirely of black African origin; some of British, Portuguese,

Lebanese, and Syrian origin

Religions:

Anglican (predominant), other Protestant sects, some Roman Catholic

Languages:

English (official), local dialects

Literacy:

89% (male 90%, female 88%) age 15 and over having completed 5 or more years

of schooling (1960)

Labor force:

30,000; commerce and services 82%, agriculture 11%, industry 7% (1983)

Organized labor:

Antigua and Barbuda Public Service Association (ABPSA), membership 500;

Antigua Trades and Labor Union (ATLU), 10,000 members; Antigua Workers Union

(AWU), 10,000 members (1986 est.)

:Antigua and Barbuda Government

Long-form name:

none

Type:

parliamentary democracy

Capital:

Saint John's

Administrative divisions:

6 parishes and 2 dependencies*; Barbuda*, Redonda*, Saint George, Saint

John, Saint Mary, Saint Paul, Saint Peter, Saint Philip

Independence:

1 November 1981 (from UK)

Constitution:

1 November 1981

Legal system:

based on English common law

National holiday:

Independence Day, 1 November (1981)

Executive branch:

British monarch, governor general, prime minister, Cabinet

Legislative branch:

bicameral Parliament consists of an upper house or Senate and a lower house

or House of Representatives

Judicial branch:

Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court

Leaders:

Chief of State:

Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General

Sir Wilfred Ebenezer JACOBS (since 1 November 1981, previously Governor

since 1976)

Head of Government:

Prime Minister Vere Cornwall BIRD, Sr. (since NA 1976); Deputy Prime

Minister (vacant)

Political parties and leaders:

Antigua Labor Party (ALP), Vere C. BIRD, Sr., Lester BIRD; United

Progressive Party (UPP), Baldwin SPENCER

Suffrage:

universal at age 18

Elections:

House of Representatives:

last held 9 March 1989 (next to be held NA 1994); results - percent of vote

by party NA; seats - (17 total) ALP 15, UPP 1, independent 1

Other political or pressure groups:

United Progressive Party (UPP), a coalition of three opposition political

parties - the United National Democratic Party (UNDP), the Antigua Caribbean

Liberation Movement (ACLM), and the Progressive Labor Movement (PLM), the

UPP is led by Baldwin SPENCER; Antigua Trades and Labor Union (ATLU), headed

by Noel THOMAS

Member of:

ACP, C, CARICOM, CDB, ECLAC, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, IFAD, IFC,

ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IOC, ITU, NAM (observer), OAS, OECS, OPANAL, UN,

UNCTAD, UNESCO, WCL, WHO, WMO

Diplomatic representation:

Ambassador Patrick Albert LEWIS; Chancery at Suite 2H, 3400 International

Drive NW, Washington, DC 20008; telephone (202) 362-5211 or 5166, 5122,

5225; there is an Antiguan Consulate in Miami

:Antigua and Barbuda Government

US:

the US Ambassador to Barbados is accredited to Antigua and Barbuda, and, in

his absence, the Embassy is headed by Charge d'Affaires Bryant SALTER;

Embassy at Queen Elizabeth Highway, Saint John's (mailing address is FPO AA

34054); telephone (809) 462-3505 or 3506; FAX (809) 462-3516

Flag:

red with an inverted isosceles triangle based on the top edge of the flag;

the triangle contains three horizontal bands of black (top), light blue, and

white with a yellow rising sun in the black band

:Antigua and Barbuda Economy

Overview:

The economy is primarily service oriented, with tourism the most important

determinant of economic performance. During the period 1987-90, real GDP

expanded at an annual average rate of about 6%. Tourism makes a direct

contribution to GDP of about 13% and also affects growth in other sectors -

particularly in construction, communications, and public utilities. Although

Antigua and Barbuda is one of the few areas in the Caribbean experiencing a

labor shortage in some sectors of the economy, it was hurt in 1991 by a

downturn in tourism caused by the Persian Gulf war and the US recession.

GDP:

exchange rate conversion - $418 million, per capita $6,500 (1989); real

growth rate 4.2% (1990 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

7% (1990 est.)

Unemployment rate:

5.0% (1988 est.)

Budget:

revenues $92.8 million; expenditures $101 million, including capital

expenditures of $NA (1990 est.)

Exports:

$33.2 million (f.o.b., 1990)

commodities:

petroleum products 48%, manufactures 23%, food and live animals 4%,

machinery and transport equipment 17%

partners:

OECS 26%, Barbados 15%, Guyana 4%, Trinidad and Tobago 2%, US 0.3%

Imports:

$325.9 million (c.i.f., 1990)

commodities:

food and live animals, machinery and transport equipment, manufactures,

chemicals, oil

partners:

US 27%, UK 16%, Canada 4%, OECS 3%, other 50%

External debt:

$250 million (1990 est.)

Industrial production:

growth rate 3% (1989 est.); accounts for 3% of GDP

Electricity:

52,100 kW capacity; 95 million kWh produced, 1,482 kWh per capita (1991)

Industries:

tourism, construction, light manufacturing (clothing, alcohol, household

appliances)

Agriculture:

accounts for 4% of GDP; expanding output of cotton, fruits, vegetables, and

livestock; other crops - bananas, coconuts, cucumbers, mangoes, sugarcane;

not self-sufficient in food

Economic aid:

US commitments, $10 million (1985-88); Western (non-US) countries, ODA and

OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $50 million

Currency:

East Caribbean dollar (plural - dollars); 1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 cents

Exchange rates:

East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1 - 2.70 (fixed rate since 1976)

Fiscal year:

1 April - 31 March

:Antigua and Barbuda Communications

Railroads:

64 km 0.760-meter narrow gauge and 13 km 0.610-meter gauge used almost

exclusively for handling sugarcane

Highways:

240 km

Ports:

Saint John's

Merchant marine:

105 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 364,891 GRT/552,475 DWT; includes 71

cargo, 3 refrigerated cargo, 12 container, 3 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 1

multifunction large load carrier, 1 oil tanker, 12 chemical tanker, 2 bulk;

note - a flag of convenience registry

Civil air:

11 major transport aircraft

Airports:

3 total, 3 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways

2,440-3,659 m; 2 with runways less than 1,220 m

Telecommunications:

good automatic telephone system; 6,700 telephones; tropospheric scatter

links with Saba and Guadeloupe; broadcast stations - 4 AM, 2 FM, 2 TV, 2

shortwave; 1 coaxial submarine cable; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth

station

:Antigua and Barbuda Defense Forces

Branches:

Royal Antigua and Barbuda Defense Force, Royal Antigua and Barbuda Police

Force (including the Coast Guard)

Manpower availability:

Defense expenditures:

exchange rate conversion - $1.4 million, 1% of GDP (FY91)

:Arctic Ocean Geography

Total area:

14,056,000 km2

Land area:

14,056,000 km2; includes Baffin Bay, Barents Sea, Beaufort Sea, Chukchi Sea,

East Siberian Sea, Greenland Sea, Hudson Bay, Hudson Strait, Kara Sea,

Laptev Sea, and other tributary water bodies

Comparative area:

slightly more than 1.5 times the size of the US; smallest of the world's

four oceans (after Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, and Indian Ocean)

Coastline:

45,389 km

Disputes:

some maritime disputes (see littoral states)

Climate:

persistent cold and relatively narrow annual temperature ranges; winters

characterized by continuous darkness, cold and stable weather conditions,

and clear skies; summers characterized by continuous daylight, damp and

foggy weather, and weak cyclones with rain or snow

Terrain:

central surface covered by a perennial drifting polar icepack that averages

about 3 meters in thickness, although pressure ridges may be three times

that size; clockwise drift pattern in the Beaufort Gyral Stream, but nearly

straight line movement from the New Siberian Islands (Russia) to Denmark

Strait (between Greenland and Iceland); the ice pack is surrounded by open

seas during the summer, but more than doubles in size during the winter and

extends to the encircling land masses; the ocean floor is about 50%

continental shelf (highest percentage of any ocean) with the remainder a

central basin interrupted by three submarine ridges (Alpha Cordillera,

Nansen Cordillera, and Lomonsov Ridge); maximum depth is 4,665 meters in the

Fram Basin

Natural resources:

sand and gravel aggregates, placer deposits, polymetallic nodules, oil and

gas fields, fish, marine mammals (seals, whales)

Environment:

endangered marine species include walruses and whales; ice islands

occasionally break away from northern Ellesmere Island; icebergs calved from

glaciers in western Greenland and extreme northeastern Canada; maximum snow

cover in March or April about 20 to 50 centimeters over the frozen ocean and

lasts about 10 months; permafrost in islands; virtually icelocked from

October to June; fragile ecosystem slow to change and slow to recover from

disruptions or damage

Note:

major chokepoint is the southern Chukchi Sea (northern access to the Pacific

Ocean via the Bering Strait); ships subject to superstructure icing from

October to May; strategic location between North America and Russia;

shortest marine link between the extremes of eastern and western Russia,

floating research stations operated by the US and Russia

:Arctic Ocean Economy

Overview:

Economic activity is limited to the exploitation of natural resources,

including crude oil, natural gas, fish, and seals.

:Arctic Ocean Communications

Ports:

Churchill (Canada), Murmansk (Russia), Prudhoe Bay (US)

Telecommunications:

no submarine cables

Note:

sparse network of air, ocean, river, and land routes; the Northwest Passage

(North America) and Northern Sea Route (Asia) are important seasonal

waterways

:Argentina Geography

Total area:

2,766,890 km2

Land area:

2,736,690 km2

Comparative area:

slightly more than four times the size of Texas

Land boundaries:

9,665 km total; Bolivia 832 km, Brazil 1,224 km, Chile 5,150 km, Paraguay

1,880 km, Uruguay 579 km

Coastline:

4,989 km

Maritime claims:

Continental shelf:

200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation

Exclusive economic zone:

nm limits unknown

Territorial sea:

12 nm (overflight and navigation permitted beyond 12 nm)

Disputes:

short section of the boundary with Uruguay is in dispute; short section of

the boundary with Chile is indefinite; claims British-administered Falkland

Islands (Islas Malvinas); claims British- administered South Georgia and the

South Sandwich Islands; territorial claim in Antarctica

Climate:

mostly temperate; arid in southeast; subantarctic in southwest

Terrain:

rich plains of the Pampas in northern half, flat to rolling plateau of

Patagonia in south, rugged Andes along western border

Natural resources:

fertile plains of the pampas, lead, zinc, tin, copper, iron ore, manganese,

crude oil, uranium

Land use:

arable land 9%; permanent crops 4%; meadows and pastures 52%; forest and

woodland 22%; other 13%; includes irrigated 1%

Environment:

Tucuman and Mendoza areas in Andes subject to earthquakes; pamperos are

violent windstorms that can strike Pampas and northeast; irrigated soil

degradation; desertification; air and water pollution in Buenos Aires

Note:

second-largest country in South America (after Brazil); strategic location

relative to sea lanes between South Atlantic and South Pacific Oceans

(Strait of Magellan, Beagle Channel, Drake Passage)

:Argentina People

Population:

32,901,234 (July 1992), growth rate 1.1% (1992)

Birth rate:

20 births/1,000 population (1992)

Death rate:

9 deaths/1,000 population (1992)

Net migration rate:

NEGL migrants/1,000 population (1992)

Infant mortality rate:

34 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)

Life expectancy at birth:

67 years male, 74 years female (1992)

Total fertility rate:

2.8 children born/woman (1992)

Nationality:

noun - Argentine(s); adjective - Argentine

Ethnic divisions:

white 85%; mestizo, Indian, or other nonwhite groups 15%

Religions:

nominally Roman Catholic 90% (less than 20% practicing), Protestant 2%,

Jewish 2%, other 6%

Languages:

Spanish (official), English, Italian, German, French

Literacy:

95% (male 96%, female 95%) age 15 and over can read and write (1990 est.)

Labor force:

10,900,000; agriculture 12%, industry 31%, services 57% (1985 est.)

Organized labor:

3,000,000; 28% of labor force

:Argentina Government

Long-form name:

Argentine Republic

Type:

republic

Capital:

Buenos Aires

Administrative divisions:

23 provinces (provincias, singular - provincia), and 1 district**

(distrito); Buenos Aires, Catamarca, Chaco, Chubut, Cordoba, Corrientes,

Distrito Federal**, Entre Rios, Formosa, Jujuy, La Pampa, La Rioja, Mendoza,

Misiones, Neuquen, Rio Negro, Salta, San Juan, San Luis, Santa Cruz, Santa

Fe, Santiago del Estero, Tierra del Fuego, Tucuman; note - the national

territory is in the process of becoming a province; the US does not

recognize claims to Antarctica

Independence:

9 July 1816 (from Spain)

Constitution:

1 May 1853

Legal system:

mixture of US and West European legal systems; has not accepted compulsory

ICJ jurisdiction

National holiday:

Revolution Day, 25 May (1810)

Executive branch:

president, vice president, Cabinet

Legislative branch:

bicameral National Congress (Congreso Nacional) consists of an upper chamber

or Senate (Senado) and a lower chamber or Chamber of Deputies (Camara de

Diputados)

Judicial branch:

Supreme Court (Corte Suprema)

Leaders:

Chief of State and Head of Government:

President Carlos Saul MENEM (since 8 July 1989); Vice President (position

vacant)

Political parties and leaders:

Justicialist Party (JP), Carlos Saul MENEM, Peronist umbrella political

organization; Radical Civic Union (UCR), Mario LOSADA, moderately left of

center; Union of the Democratic Center (UCD), Jorge AGUADO, conservative

party; Intransigent Party (PI), Dr. Oscar ALENDE, leftist party; several

provincial parties

Suffrage:

universal at age 18

Elections:

Chamber of Deputies:

last held in three phases during late 1991 for half of 254 seats, total

current breakdown of seats - JP 122, UCR 85, UCD 10, other 37

President:

last held 14 May 1989 (next to be held NA May 1995); results - Carlos Saul

MENEM was elected

Senate:

last held May 1989, but provincial elections in late 1991 set the stage for

indirect elections by provincial senators for one-third of 46 seats in the

national senate in May 1992; total current breakdown of seats - JP 27, UCR

14, others 5

Communists:

some 70,000 members in various party organizations, including a small

nucleus of activists

:Argentina Government

Other political or pressure groups:

Peronist-dominated labor movement, General Confederation of Labor

(Peronist-leaning umbrella labor organization), Argentine Industrial Union

(manufacturers' association), Argentine Rural Society (large landowners'

association), business organizations, students, the Roman Catholic Church,

the Armed Forces

Member of:

AfDB, AG (observer), CCC, ECLAC, FAO, G-6, G-11, G-15, G-19, G-24, G-77,

GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO,

INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, LAES, LAIA, LORCS,

MERCOSUR, OAS, PCA, RG, UN, UNAVEM, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIIMOG,

UNTSO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation:

Ambassador Carlos ORTIZ DE ROZAS; Chancery at 1600 New Hampshire Avenue NW,

Washington, DC 20009; telephone (202) 939-6400 through 6403; there are

Argentine Consulates General in Houston, Miami, New Orleans, New York, San

Francisco, and San Juan (Puerto Rico), and Consulates in Baltimore, Chicago,

and Los Angeles

US:

Ambassador Terence A. TODMAN; Embassy at 4300 Colombia, 1425 Buenos Aires

(mailing address is APO AA 34034); telephone [54] (1) 774- 7611 or 8811,

9911; Telex 18156 AMEMBAR

Flag:

three equal horizontal bands of light blue (top), white, and light blue;

centered in the white band is a radiant yellow sun with a human face known

as the Sun of May

:Argentina Economy

Overview:

Argentina is rich in natural resources and has a highly literate population,

an export-oriented agricultural sector, and a diversified industrial base.

Nevertheless, following decades of mismanagement and statist policies, the

economy has encountered major problems in recent years, leading to

escalating inflation and a recession during 1988-90. Since 1978, Argentina's

external debt has nearly doubled to $58 billion, creating severe debt

servicing difficulties and hurting the country's creditworthiness with

international lenders. Elected in 1989, President Menem has implemented a

comprehensive economic restructuring program that shows signs of reversing

Argentina's economic decline and putting it on a path of stable, sustainable

growth.

GDP:

exchange rate conversion - $101.2 billion, per capita $3,100; real growth

rate 5.5% (1991 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

83.8% (1991)

Unemployment rate:

6.4% (October 1991)

Budget:

revenues $13.6 billion; expenditures $16.6 billion, including capital

expenditures of $2.5 billion (1991)

Exports:

$12 billion (f.o.b., 1991)

commodities:

meat, wheat, corn, oilseed, hides, wool

partners:

US 12%, USSR, Italy, Brazil, Japan, Netherlands

Imports:

$8 billion (c.i.f., 1991)

commodities:

machinery and equipment, chemicals, metals, fuels and lubricants,

agricultural products

partners:

US 22%, Brazil, FRG, Bolivia, Japan, Italy, Netherlands

External debt:

$61 billion (January 1992)

Industrial production:

growth rate 20% (1991 est.); accounts for 30% of GDP

Electricity:

17,059,000 kW capacity; 47,357 million kWh produced, 1,450 kWh per capita

(1991)

Industries:

food processing, motor vehicles, consumer durables, textiles, chemicals and

petrochemicals, printing, metallurgy, steel

Agriculture:

accounts for 15% of GNP (including fishing); produces abundant food for both

domestic consumption and exports; among world's top five exporters of grain

and beef; principal crops - wheat, corn, sorghum, soybeans, sugar beets

Illicit drugs:

increasing use as a transshipment country for cocaine headed for the US and

Europe

Economic aid:

US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $1.0 billion; Western (non-US)

countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $4.4 billion;

Communist countries (1970-89), $718 million

Currency:

peso (plural - pesos); 1 pesos = 100 centavos

:Argentina Economy

Exchange rates:

pesos per US$1 - 0.99076 (Feburary 1992), 0.95355 (1991), 0.48759 (1990),

0.04233 (1989), 0.00088 (1988), 0.00021 (1987)

Fiscal year:

calendar year

:Argentina Communications

Railroads:

34,172 km total (includes 209 km electrified); includes a mixture of

1.435-meter standard gauge, 1.676-meter broad gauge, 1.000-meter narrow

gauge, and 0.750-meter narrow gauge

Highways:

208,350 km total; 47,550 km paved, 39,500 km gravel, 101,000 km improved

earth, 20,300 km unimproved earth

Inland waterways:

11,000 km navigable

Pipelines:

crude oil 4,090 km; petroleum products 2,900 km; natural gas 9,918 km

Ports:

Bahia Blanca, Buenos Aires, Necochea, Rio Gallegos, Rosario, Santa Fe

Merchant marine:

98 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,235,385 GRT/1,952,307 DWT; includes

35 cargo, 6 refrigerated cargo, 6 container, 1 railcar carrier, 33 oil

tanker, 4 chemical tanker, 3 liquefied gas, 10 bulk; in addition, 2 naval

tankers and 1 military transport are sometimes used commercially

Civil air:

56 major transport aircraft

Airports:

1,702 total, 1,473 usable; 137 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with

runways over 3,659 m; 31 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 326 with runways

1,220-2,439 m

Telecommunications:

extensive modern system; 2,650,000 telephones (12,000 public telephones);

microwave widely used; broadcast stations - 171 AM, no FM, 231 TV, 13

shortwave; 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations; domestic satellite

network has 40 earth stations

:Argentina Defense Forces

Branches:

Argentine Army, Navy of the Argentine Republic, Argentine Air Force,

National Gendarmerie, Argentine Naval Prefecture (Coast Guard only),

National Aeronautical Police Force

Manpower availability:

males 15-49, 8,101,856; 6,568,885 fit for military service; 276,457 reach

military age (20) annually

Defense expenditures:

exchange rate conversion - $700 million, 1.5% of GDP (1991)

:Armenia Geography

Total area:

29,800 km2

Land area:

28,400 km2

Comparative area:

slightly larger than Maryland

Land boundaries:

1,254 km total; Azerbaijan (east) 566 km, Azerbaijan (south) 221 km, Georgia

164 km, Iran 35 km, Turkey 268 km

Coastline:

none - landlocked

Maritime claims:

none - landlocked

Disputes:

violent and longstanding dispute with Azerbaijan over ethnically Armenian

exclave of Nagorno-Karabakh; some irredentism by Armenians living in

southern Georgia; traditional demands on former Armenian lands in Turkey

have greatly subsided

Climate:

continental, hot, and subject to drought

Terrain:

high Armenian Plateau with mountain; little forest land; fast flowing

rivers; good soil in Aras River valley

Natural resources:

small deposits of gold, copper, molybdenum, zinc, alumina

Land use:

10% arable land; NA% permanent crops; NA% meadows and pastures; NA% forest

and woodland; NA% other; NA% irrigated

Environment:

pollution of Razdan and Aras Rivers; air pollution in Yerevan

:Armenia People

Population:

3,415,566 (July 1992), growth rate 0.8% (1992)

Birth rate:

22 births/1,000 population (1992)

Death rate:

7 deaths/1,000 population (1992)

Net migration rate:

—7 migrants/1,000 population (1992)

Infant mortality rate:

35 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)

Life expectancy at birth:

68 years male, 74 years female (1992)

Total fertility rate:

2.7 children born/woman (1992)

Nationality:

noun - Armenian(s); adjective - Armenian

Ethnic divisions:

Armenian 93.3%, Russian 1.5%, Kurd 1.7%, other 3.5%

Religions:

Armenian Orthodox 94%

Languages:

Armenian 93%, Russian 2%, other 5%

Literacy:

NA% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write (NA)

Labor force:

1,630,000; industry and construction 42%, agriculture and forestry 18%,

other 40%(1990)

Organized labor:

:Armenia Government

Long-form name:

Republic of Armenia

Type:

republic

Capital:

Yerevan

Administrative divisions:

none - all rayons are under direct republic jurisdiction

Independence:

Armenian Republic formed 29 November 1920 and became part of the Soviet

Union on 30 December 1922; on 23 September 1991, Armenia renamed itself the

Republic of Armenia

Constitution:

adopted NA April 1978, effective NA

Legal system:

based on civil law system

National holiday:

Executive branch:

President, Council of Ministers, prime minister

Legislative branch:

unicameral body - Supreme Soviet

Judicial branch:

Supreme Court

Leaders:

Chief of State:

President Levon Akopovich TER-PETROSYAN (since 16 October 1991), Vice

President Gagik ARUTYUNYAN (since 16 October 1991)

Head of Government:

Prime Minister Gagik ARUTYUNYAN (since November 1991), First Deputy Prime

Minister Grant BAGRATYAN (since NA September 1990); Supreme Soviet Chairman

- Babken ARARKTSYAN

Political parties and leaders:

Armenian National Movement, Husik LAZARYAN, chairman; National

Self-Determination Association, Pakvyr HAYRIKIAN, chairman; National

Democratic Union, Vazgen MANUKYAN, chairman; Democratic Liberal Party,

Ramkavar AZATAKAN, chairman; Dashnatktsutyan Party, Rouben MIRZAKHANIN;

Chairman of Parliamentary opposition - Mekhak GABRIYELYAN

Suffrage:

universal at age 18

Elections:

President:

last held 16 October 1990 (next to be held NA); results - elected by the

Supreme Soviet, Levon Akopovich TER-PETROSYAN 86%; radical nationalists

about 7%

Supreme Soviet:

last held 20 May 1990 (next to be held NA); results - percent of vote by

party NA; seats - (259 total); number of seats by party NA

Other political or pressure groups:

Member of:

CSCE, NACC, UN, UNCTAD

Diplomatic representation:

Charge d'Affaires ad interim, Aleksandr ARZOUMANIAN

US:

Ambassador (vacant); Steven R. MANN, Charge d'Affaires; Embassy at Hotel

Hrazdan (telephone 8-011-7-8852-53-53-32); (mailing address is APO AE

09862); telephone 8-011-7-885-215-1122 (voice and FAX); 8-011-7-885-215-1144

(voice)

:Armenia Government

Flag:

:Armenia Economy

Overview:

Armenia under the old centrally planned Soviet system had built up textile,

machine-building, and other industries and had become a key supplier to

sister republics. In turn, Armenia had depended on supplies of raw materials

and energy from the other republics. Most of these supplies enter the

republic by rail through Azerbaijan (85%) and Georgia (15%). The economy has

been severely hurt by ethnic strife with Azerbaijan over control of the

Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast, a mostly Armenian-populated enclave

within the national boundaries of Azerbaijan. In addition to outright

warfare, the strife has included interdiction of Armenian imports on the

Azerbaijani railroads and expensive airlifts of supplies to beleagured

Armenians in Nagorno-Karabakh. An earthquake in December 1988 destroyed

about one-tenth of industrial capacity and housing, the repair of which has

not been possible because the supply of funds and real resources has been

disrupted by the reorganization and subsequent dismantling of the central

USSR administrative apparatus. Among facilities made unserviceable by the

earthquake are the Yerevan nuclear power plant, which had supplied 40% of

Armenia's needs for electric power and a plant that produced one-quarter of

the output of elevators in the former USSR. Armenia has some deposits of

nonferrous metal ores (bauxite, copper, zinc, and molybdenum) that are

largely unexploited. For the mid-term, Armenia's economic prospects seem

particularly bleak because of ethnic strife and the unusually high

dependence on outside areas, themselves in a chaotic state of

transformation.

GDP:

$NA, per capita $NA; real growth rate —10% (1991)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):

91%

Unemployment rate:

NA%

Budget:

revenues $NA; expenditures $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA

Exports:

$176 million (f.o.b., 1990)

commodities:

machinery and transport equipment, ferrous and nonferrous metals, and

chemicals (1991)

partners:

Imports:

$1.5 billion (c.i.f., 1990)

commodities:

machinery, energy, consumer goods (1991)

partners:

External debt:

$650 million (December 1991 est.)

Industrial production:

growth rate —9.6% (1991)

Electricity:

NA kW capacity; 10,433 million kWh produced, about 3,000 kWh per capita

(1990)

Industries:

diverse, including (in percent of output of former USSR) metalcutting

machine tools (6.7%), forging-pressing machines (4.7%), electric motors

(8.7%), tires (2.1%), knitted wear (5.6%), hosiery (2.3%), shoes (2.2%),

silk fabric (5.3%), washing machines (2.0%); also chemicals, trucks,

watches, instruments, and microelectronics

:Armenia Economy

Agriculture:

only 10% of land area is arable; employs 18% of labor force; citrus, cotton,

and dairy farming; vineyards near Yerevan are famous for brandy and other

liqueurs

Illicit drugs:

illicit producer of cannabis mostly for domestic consumption; used as a

transshipment point for illicit drugs to Western Europe

Economic aid:

Currency:

as of May 1992, retaining ruble as currency

Exchange rates:

Fiscal year:

calendar year

:Armenia Communications

Railroads:

840 km all 1.000-meter gauge (includes NA km electrified); does not include

industrial lines (1990)

Highways:

11,300 km total (1990); 10,500 km hard surfaced, 800 km earth

Inland waterways:

NA km perennially navigable

Pipelines:

Ports:

none - landlocked

Merchant marine:

none:

landlocked

Civil air:

none

Airports:

NA total, NA usable; NA with permanent-surface runways; NA with runways over

3,659 m; NA with runways 2,440-3,659 m; NA with runways 1,220-2,439 m

Telecommunications:

Armenia has about 260,000 telephones, of which about 110,000 are in Yerevan;

average telephone density is 8 per 100 persons; international connections to

other former republics of the USSR are by landline or microwave and to other

countries by satellite and by leased connection through the Moscow

international gateway switch; broadcast stations - 100% of population

receives Armenian and Russian TV programs; satellite earth station -

INTELSAT

:Armenia Defense Forces

Branches:

Republic Security Forces (internal and border troops), National Guard; CIS

Forces (Ground and Air Defense)

Manpower availability:

males 15-49, NA; NA fit for military service; NA reach military age (18)

annually

Defense expenditures:

$NA, NA% of GDP

:Aruba Geography

Total area:

193 km2

Land area:

193 km2

Comparative area:

slightly larger than Washington, DC

Land boundaries:

none

Coastline:

68.5 km

Maritime claims:

Exclusive fishing zone:

12 nm

Territorial sea:

12 nm

Disputes:

none

Climate:

tropical marine; little seasonal temperature variation

Terrain:

flat with a few hills; scant vegetation

Natural resources:

negligible; white sandy beaches

Land use:

arable land 0%; permanent crops 0%; meadows and pastures 0%; forest and

woodland 0%; other 100%

Environment:

lies outside the Caribbean hurricane belt

Note:

28 km north of Venezuela

:Aruba People

Population:

64,692 (July 1992), growth rate 0.7% (1992)

Birth rate:

16 births/1,000 population (1992)

Death rate:

6 deaths/1,000 population (1992)

Net migration rate:

—3 migrants/1,000 population (1992)

Infant mortality rate:

9 deaths/1,000 live births (1992)

Life expectancy at birth:

73 years male, 80 years female (1992)

Total fertility rate:

1.8 children born/woman (1992)

Nationality:

noun - Aruban(s); adjective - Aruban

Ethnic divisions:

mixed European/Caribbean Indian 80%

Religions:

Roman Catholic 82%, Protestant 8%, also small Hindu, Muslim, Confucian, and

Jewish minority

Languages:

Dutch (official), Papiamento (a Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, English

dialect), English (widely spoken), Spanish

Literacy:

NA% (male NA%, female NA%)

Labor force:

NA, but most employment is in the tourist industry (1986)

Organized labor:

Aruban Workers' Federation (FTA)

:Aruba Government

Long-form name:

none

Type:

part of the Dutch realm - full autonomy in internal affairs obtained in 1986

upon separation from the Netherlands Antilles

Capital:

Oranjestad

Administrative divisions:

none (self-governing part of the Netherlands)

Independence:

none (part of the Dutch realm); note - in 1990, Aruba requested and received

from the Netherlands cancellation of the agreement to automatically give

independence to the island in 1996

Constitution:

1 January 1986

Legal system:

based on Dutch civil law system, with some English common law influence

National holiday:

Flag Day, 18 March

Executive branch:

Dutch monarch, governor, prime minister, Council of Ministers (cabinet)

Legislative branch:

unicameral legislature (Staten)

Judicial branch:

Joint High Court of Justice

Leaders:

Chief of State:

Queen BEATRIX Wilhelmina Armgard (since 30 April 1980), represented by

Governor General Felipe B. TROMP (since 1 January 1986)

Head of Government:

Prime Minister Nelson ODUBER (since NA February 1989)

Political parties and leaders:

Electoral Movement Party (MEP), Nelson ODUBER; Aruban People's Party (AVP),

Henny EMAN; National Democratic Action (ADN), Pedro Charro KELLY; New

Patriotic Party (PPN), Eddy WERLEMEN; Aruban Patriotic Party (PPA), Benny

NISBET; Aruban Democratic Party (PDA), Leo BERLINSKI; Democratic Action '86

(AD '86), Arturo ODUBER; Organization for Aruban Liberty (OHA), Glenbert

CROES; governing coalition includes the MEP, PPA, and ADN

Suffrage:

universal at age 18

Elections:

Legislature:

last held 6 January 1989 (next to be held by NA January 1993); results -

percent of vote by party NA; seats - (21 total) MEP 10, AVP 8, ADN 1, PPN 1,

PPA 1

Member of:

ECLAC (associate), INTERPOL, IOC, UNESCO (associate), WCL, WTO (associate)

Diplomatic representation:

none (self-governing part of the Netherlands)

Flag:

blue with two narrow horizontal yellow stripes across the lower portion and

a red, four-pointed star outlined in white in the upper hoist-side corner

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