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Widespread implementation of evaluation, with its extensive use of social science methods, is a relatively modern 20th-century phenomenon. Many events and influential leaders through their scholarship and/or practice throughout the 20th century impacted the evaluation field and/or utilized evaluation to spotlight and redress social injustices. While not exhaustive, Table 3.2 highlights key individuals, agencies/organizations, studies, federal policies, and programs that stimulated the growth and use of evaluation during the 20th century. It should be noted that Table 3.2 is not limited to specific evaluation studies or evaluators, per se, but also highlights specific incidents (e.g., launch of Sputnik) that contributed to the implementation of new programs and evaluations of those programs, as well as people who promoted or engaged in evaluation research to advance social justice agendas. The sections following the table elaborate on some of these individuals and factors, placing them into the sociopolitical and cultural context of the time.

Table 3.2