Читать книгу Handbook of Plastics Testing and Failure Analysis - Vishu Shah - Страница 2
Table of Contents
Оглавление1 COVER
4 PREFACE TO THE FOURTH EDITION
5 PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION
6 PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION
7 PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION
10 1 BASIC CONCEPTS AND ADVANCEMENT IN TESTING TECHNOLOGY 1.1. BASIC CONCEPTS 1.2. SPECIFICATION AND STANDARDS 1.3. PURPOSE OF SPECIFICATIONS 1.4. BASIC SPECIFICATION FORMAT 1.5. ADVANCEMENTS IN TESTING TECHNOLOGY 1.6. NEW DEVELOPMENTS AND TRENDS IN TESTING TECHNOLOGY REFERENCES
11 2 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES 2.1. INTRODUCTION 2.2. TENSILE TESTS (ASTM D 638, ISO 527‐1) 2.3. FLEXURAL PROPERTIES (ASTM D 790, ISO 178) 2.4. COMPRESSIVE PROPERTIES (ASTM D 695, ISO 604) 2.5. CREEP PROPERTIES (ISO 899‐1, ISO 899‐2, ASTM D2990, ISO 16770) 2.6. STRESS RELAXATION 2.7. IMPACT PROPERTIES 2.8. SHEAR STRENGTH (ASTM D 732) 2.9. ABRASION 2.10. FATIGUE RESISTANCE 2.11. HARDNESS TESTS REFERENCES SUGGESTED READING
12 3 THERMAL PROPERTIES 3.1. INTRODUCTION 3.2. TESTS FOR ELEVATED TEMPERATURE PERFORMANCE 3.3. THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY (ASTM C 177, ISO 8302) 3.4. THERMAL EXPANSION 3.5. BRITTLENESS TEMPERATURE (ASTM D 746, ISO 974) REFERENCES SUGGESTED READING
13 4 ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES 4.1. INTRODUCTION 4.2. DIELECTRIC STRENGTH (ASTM D 149, IEC 243‐1) 4.3. DIELECTRIC CONSTANT AND DISSIPATION FACTOR (ASTM D 150, IEC 250) 4.4. ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE TESTS 4.5. ARC RESISTANCE (ASTM D 495) 4.6. UL REQUIREMENTS 4.7. EMI/RFI SHIELDING (10) REFERENCES SUGGESTED READING
14 5 WEATHERING PROPERTIES 5.1. INTRODUCTION 5.2. ACCELERATED WEATHERING TESTS 5.3. OUTDOOR WEATHERING OF PLASTICS (ASTM D 1435, ISO‐877) 5.4. RESISTANCE OF PLASTIC MATERIALS TO FUNGI (ASTM G 21) 5.5. RESISTANCE OF PLASTIC MATERIALS TO BACTERIA (ASTM G 22) 5.6. LIMITATIONS OF ACCELERATED MICROBIAL GROWTH RESISTANCE TESTING 5.7. OUTDOOR EXPOSURE TEST FOR STUDYING THE RESISTANCE OF PLASTIC MATERIALS TO FUNGI AND BACTERIA AND ITS LIMITATIONS REFERENCES SUGGESTED READING
15 6 OPTICAL PROPERTIES 6.1. INTRODUCTION 6.2. REFRACTIVE INDEX (ASTM D 542, ISO 489) 6.3. LUMINOUS TRANSMITTANCE AND HAZE (ASTM D 1003) 6.4. PHOTOELASTIC PROPERTIES 6.5. COLOR 6.6. SPECULAR GLOSS (ASTM D2457, D523) REFERENCES SUGGESTED READING
16 7 MATERIAL CHARACTERIZATION TESTS 7.1. INTRODUCTION 7.2. MELT INDEX TEST (ASTM D 1238, ISO 1133) 7.3. RHEOLOGY 7.4. VISCOSITY TESTS 7.5. GEL PERMEATION CHROMATOGRAPHY 7.6. THERMAL ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES 7.7. SPECTROSCOPY 7.8. MATERIAL CHARACTERIZATION TESTS FOR THERMOSETS REFERENCES GENERAL REFERENCES SUGGESTED READING
17 8 FLAMMABILITY 8.1. INTRODUCTION 8.2. FLAMMABILITY TEST (NONRIGID SOLID PLASTICS) (ASTM D 4804) 8.3. FLAMMABILITY TEST (SELF‐SUPPORTING PLASTICS IN HORIZONTAL POSITION) (D 635) 8.4. FLAMMABILITY TEST (SOLID PLASTICS IN VERTICAL POSITION) (D 3801) 8.5. IGNITION PROPERTIES OF PLASTICS 8.6. OXYGEN INDEX TEST (ASTM D 2863, ISO 4589) 8.7. SURFACE BURNING CHARACTERISTICS OF MATERIALS 8.8. FLAMMABILITY OF CELLULAR PLASTICS—VERTICAL POSITION (ASTM D 3014) 8.9. FLAMMABILITY OF CELLULAR PLASTICS—HORIZONTAL POSITION (ASTM D 1692) 8.10. FLAME RESISTANCE OF DIFFICULT‐TO‐IGNITE PLASTICS (FEDERAL STD. NO 406 METHOD 203) 8.11. SMOKE GENERATION TESTS 8.12. UL 94 FLAMMABILITY TESTING 8.13. MEETING FLAMMABILITY REQUIREMENTS REFERENCES SUGGESTED READING
18 9 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES 9.1. INTRODUCTION 9.2. IMMERSION TEST (ASTM D 543, ISO 22088) 9.3. STAIN RESISTANCE OF PLASTICS 9.4. SOLVENT STRESS‐CRACKING RESISTANCE 9.5. ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS‐CRACKING RESISTANCE (ASTM D 1693, ISO 22088) REFERENCES
19 10 ANALYTICAL TESTS 10.1. INTRODUCTION 10.2. DENSITY AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY (ASTM D 792, ISO 1183) 10.3. DENSITY‐BY‐DENSITY GRADIENT TECHNIQUE (ASTM D 1505, ISO R 1183‐2) 10.4. BULK (APPARENT) DENSITY TEST (ASTM D 1895) 10.5. WATER ABSORPTION (ASTM D 570, ISO 62) 10.6. MOISTURE ANALYSIS 10.7. SIEVE ANALYSIS (PARTICLE SIZE) TEST (ASTM D 1921) REFERENCES
20 11 CONDITIONING PROCEDURES 11.1. CONDITIONING (ASTM D 618, ISO 291) 11.2. DESIGNATION FOR CONDITIONING REFERENCES SUGGESTED READING
21 12 MISCELLANEOUS TESTS 12.1. TORQUE RHEOMETER TEST (ASTM D 2538) 12.2. PLASTICIZER ABSORPTION TESTS 12.3. CUP VISCOSITY TEST 12.4. BURST STRENGTH TEST 12.5. CRUSH TEST 12.6. ACETONE IMMERSION TEST (ASTM D 2152) 12.7. ACETIC ACID IMMERSION TEST (ASTM D 1939) 12.8. END‐PRODUCT TESTING 12.9. ASH CONTENT (ASTM D 5630, ASTM D 2584, ISO 3451) REFERENCES GENERAL REFERENCES
22 13 IDENTIFICATION ANALYSIS OF PLASTIC MATERIALS 13.1 INTRODUCTION 13.2. ADVANCED METHODS FOR IDENTIFICATION 13.3. IDENTIFICATION OF PLASTIC MATERIALS REFERENCES GENERAL REFERENCES
23 14 TESTING OF CELLULAR PLASTICS 14.1. INTRODUCTION 14.2. RIGID FOAM TEST METHODS 14.3. FLEXIBLE CELLULAR MATERIALS TEST METHODS 14.4. FOAM PROPERTIES GENERAL REFERENCES
24 15 FAILURE ANALYSIS 15.1. INTRODUCTION 15.2. TYPES OF FAILURES 15.3. ANALYZING FAILURES 15.4. CASE STUDIES REFERENCES GENERAL REFERENCES
25 16 QUALITY CONTROL 16.1. INTRODUCTION 16.2. STATISTICAL QUALITY CONTROL 16.3. INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICAL PROCESS CONTROL 16.4. QUALITY CONTROL SYSTEM 16.5. GENERAL 16.6. SUPPLIER CERTIFICATION REFERENCES GENERAL REFERENCES
26 17 PRODUCT LIABILITIES AND TESTING 17.1. INTRODUCTION 17.2. PRODUCT/EQUIPMENT DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS 17.3. PACKAGING CONSIDERATIONS 17.4. INSTRUCTIONS, WARNING LABELS, AND TRAINING 17.5. TESTING AND RECORDKEEPING 17.6. SAFETY STANDARDS ORGANIZATIONS REFERENCES SUGGESTED READING
27 18 NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING AND MEASUREMENTS 18.1. INTRODUCTION 18.2. ULTRASONIC 18.3. APPLICATION OF ULTRASONIC NDT IN PLASTICS 18.4. GAMMA BACKSCATTER 18.5. BETA TRANSMISSION 18.6. SCANNING LASER 18.7. X‐RAY FLUORESCENCE 18.8. HALL EFFECT 18.9. CT SCANNING (X‐RAY COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY) REFERENCES SUGGESTED READING GENERAL REFERENCES
28 19 PROFESSIONAL AND TESTING ORGANIZATIONS 19.1. AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARDS INSTITUTE (ANSI) 19.2. ASTM INTERNATIONAL 19.3. FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION (FDA) 19.4. NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY (NIST) 19.5. NATIONAL ELECTRICAL MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION (NEMA) 19.6. NATIONAL FIRE PROTECTION ASSOCIATION (NFPA) 19.7. NATIONAL SANITATION FOUNDATION (NSF) 19.8. SOCIETY OF PLASTICS ENGINEERS (SPE) 19.9. PLASTICS INDUSTRY ASSOCIATION 19.10. UNDERWRITERS LABORATORIES (UL) 19.11. INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR STANDARDIZATION (ISO)
29 20 UNIFORM GLOBAL TESTING STANDARDS 20.1. INTRODUCTION 20.2. ISO/IEC STANDARDS 20.3. ISO AND ASTM 20.4. TEST DATA ACQUISITION AND REPORTING 20.5. COMPUTER‐AIDED MATERIAL PRESELECTION BY UNIFORM STANDARDS (CAMPUS) 20.6. PLASTIC MATERIAL DATABASES REFERENCES
30 APPENDIX A: INDEX OF TEST EQUIPMENT MANUFACTURERS ALPHABETICAL INDEX OF COMPANIES ADDRESSES, PHONE NUMBERS, AND WEBSITES
31 APPENDIX B: ABBREVIATIONS: POLYMERIC MATERIALS
34 APPENDIX E: STANDARDS ORGANIZATIONS
35 APPENDIX F: LINKS TO RECOMMENDED OPEN SOURCE FOR QUICK LEARNING
37 APPENDIX H: FIGURE 15‐5. NEW APPLICATION CHECKLIST (Courtesy of Covestro)
38 INDEX
