Читать книгу Appalachian Mushrooms - Walter E. Sturgeon - Страница 17

MEDIUM TO LARGE WHITE-SPORED MUSHROOMS WITH A WAXY TEXTURE

Hygrophorus

MEMBERS OF THIS waxy-textured genus of gilled mushrooms are most common in late summer and fall. Waxiness is a difficult feature to describe and sometimes hard to determine. Crushing a bit of the cap and gills between thumb and finger will usually produce a paraffin-like feel. The gills are attached to the stem. These species form mycorrhiza, often with conifers. Most are medium to large in size. Similar species in Tricholoma lack the waxy texture and usually have a notched gill attachment. If a mushroom does not key out, try the Tricholoma or Hygrocybe keys.

Hygrophorus pudorinus

Hygrophorus eburneus

Key to Hygrophorus

1. Cap pinkish with reddish or purple streaks; under conifers: Hygrophorus purpurascens (p. 68)

2. Cap tan with a pale margin; under conifers, especially hemlock: Hygrophorus tennesseensis (p. 70)

3. Cap yellow and white; glutinous; under pine in the fall: Hygrophorus flavodiscus (p. 6)

4. Cap blackish brown to dark olivaceous brown; glutinous; under pine in the fall: Hygrophorus fuligineus (p. 67)

5. Cap white; in broadleaf woods, often under oaks: Hygrophorus sordidus (p. 69)

6. Cap white; in conifer woods; with yellowish granules on the cap or stem: Hygrophorus chrysodon (p. 65)

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Hygrophorus chrysodon (Batsch) Fr.

SYNONYM: None

COMMON NAME: Golden Speckled Wax Cap

FAMILY: Hygrophoraceae

CAP: Up to 3-1/2 in. wide; white, at times with a dusting of yellow or yellowish-orange granules on part or all; convex becoming broadly convex to flat, often with a low umbo; surface viscid when wet, shiny when dry, bald where no granules are present; margin finely hairy and turned under at first

FLESH: White; thick; soft; waxy; odor and taste not distinctive

GILLS: White to cream, sometimes yellowish, or edged with yellow; subdecurrent; subdistant; waxy; broad; edges even and thin; no partial veil

STEM: Up to 3-1/2 in. long; white; generally equal; stuffed; surface pruinose, usually with some yellow granules at the apex, lower portion glutinous

SPORE PRINT: White

ECOLOGY: Mycorrhizal; gregarious or scattered in mixed woods under conifers, often hemlock and white pine; can be found in disturbed areas such as roadsides, picnic areas in duff or grass; late summer and fall; fairly common

EDIBILITY: Edible; bland and generally considered mediocre

COMMENTS: The yellow granules can be missing but are usually present somewhere on the cap or stem. There are several white wax cap species, but the yellow granules set this one apart.

Hygrophorus chrysodon

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Hygrophorus flavodiscus Frost

SYNONYM: None

COMMON NAME: Yellow Centered Wax Cap

FAMILY: Hygrophoraceae

CAP: Up to 3-1/2 in. wide; white with a yellow center, yellowish all over when young; convex to broadly convex and finally flat; surface bald, glutinous

FLESH: White; thick; firm; odor and taste not distinctive

GILLS: White or slightly pinkish when young; attached to the stem; subdistant; rather thick but tapering to a narrow edge; edges even; covered at first by a hyaline, glutinous partial veil

STEM: Up to 3 in. long; white or with yellowish areas; equal or occasionally tapering downward; solid; surface sheathed with a layer of gluten from the base to near the top of the stem, where it forms a ring-like zone; surface fibrillose under the gluten

SPORE PRINT: White

ECOLOGY: Mycorrhizal; single, scattered, or gregarious in humus or moss in conifer woods, usually associated with white pine; fall; common

EDIBILITY: Edible

COMMENTS: This late-season mushroom can be found under white pine in October and November. It often occurs near Hygrophorus fuligineus (p. 67), but it often fruits a bit later. Peeling or removing the slime with a dry cloth before cooking is recommended.

Hygrophorus flavodiscus

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Hygrophorus fuligineus Frost

SYNONYM: None

COMMON NAME: Sooty Wax Cap

FAMILY: Hygrophoraceae

CAP: Up to 3-1/2 in. wide; blackish brown at first, becoming dark olivaceous brown or grayish, especially near the margin; orbicular, becoming convex and then flat; surface bald, covered with a layer of hyaline gluten

FLESH: White, tinted gray near the cap cuticle; thick; odor and taste not distinctive

GILLS: White or tinged pinkish; attached to subdecurrent; subdistant; edges even; covered at first with a cortina-like slime veil

STEM: Up to 3-1/2 in. long; white to pale brownish; equal or tapering slightly downward; solid; covered with a slime veil except at the apex, the veil terminates in a ring-like zone; above this zone the surface is silky to floccose

SPORE PRINT: White

ECOLOGY: Mycorrhizal; scattered to gregarious in duff or moss in conifer and mixed woods, usually associated with white pine; fall; common

EDIBILITY: Edible

COMMENTS: This is a late-season wax cap that can often be found near Hygrophorus flavodiscus (p. 6). Before cooking, peeling or removing most of the slime with a dry cloth is recommended.

Hygrophorus fuligineus

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Hygrophorus purpurascens (Alb. and Schwein.) Fr.

SYNONYM: None

COMMON NAME: Veiled Purple Wax Cap

FAMILY: Hygrophoraceae

CAP: Up to 4-1/2 in wide; pinkish red to purplish red, streaked with darker red areas; convex to broadly convex, finally flat; surface viscid when wet; bald, appressed fibrillose, at times finely scaly in age; margin turned under at first, at times upturned in age

FLESH: White; firm; not staining when cut or bruised; odor not distinctive; taste slightly bitter or not distinctive

GILLS: Pink, reddish or white; attached to subdecurrent; subdistant; narrow; sometimes forked; edges even; covered at first with a semi-membranous or cortinate partial veil

STEM: Up to 3-1/2 in. long; white, streaked with reddish purple; generally equal, or tapering in either direction; solid, surface dry, fibrous, remnants of the partial veil are often present as a ring zone on the upper stem

SPORE PRINT: White

ECOLOGY: Mycorrhizal with conifers; mostly at higher elevations; scattered to gregarious in moss or litter in conifer and mixed woods, often with spruce; late summer and fall; uncommon

EDIBILITY: Edible but rather bitter

COMMENTS: This is a northern species that has remnant populations in the higher altitudes of the Appalachians. Compare with Hygrophorus russula (not illustrated), which has similar colors, lacks a partial veil, and occurs in broadleaf woodlands, often with oak.

Hygrophorus purpurascens

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Hygrophorus sordidus Peck

SYNONYM: None

COMMON NAMES: Snow White Wax Cap, Sordid Wax Cap

FAMILY: Hygrophoraceae

CAP: Up to 7 in. wide; white or with a yellowish center in age; convex to nearly flat; surface viscid, mostly bald with small hairs in age; margin incurved at first

FLESH: White, unchanging when exposed; thick; waxy; odor not distinctive; taste mild or slightly bitter

GILLS: White, becoming yellowish in age; waxy; adnate to subdecurrent; subdistant; broad; close to subdistant; edges even; intervenose; no partial veil

STEM: Up to 4 in. long; white, slightly brownish from handling; equal or tapering downward, at times with a chiseled base; solid; surface dry, glabrous, or faintly hairy near the apex

SPORE PRINT: White

ECOLOGY: Mycorrhizal with oaks and possibly other broadleaf trees; solitary to usually gregarious in humus or soil; late summer and fall; occasional

EDIBILITY: Edible

COMMENTS: The waxy texture and attached gills will help distinguish this species from other all-white mushrooms. Compare with Russula brevipes (p. 34) and Tricholoma subresplendens (p. 91).

Hygrophorus sordidus

Photo by Alan Bessette

SCIENTIFIC NAME: Hygrophorus tennesseensis A. H. Sm. and Hesler

SYNONYM: None

COMMON NAME: Tennessee Wax Cap

FAMILY: Hygrophoraceae

CAP: Up to 4 in. wide; reddish tan all over at first, then whitish at the margin and remaining tawny to brown at the center; convex with an incurved margin at first, becoming flat, at times with a broad central depression; surface bald, viscid to glutinous when wet; cuticle tastes sour

FLESH: White; thick; firm; odor of raw potatoes; taste bitter

GILLS: White; attached to subdecurrent; subdistant; edges even; no partial veil

STEM: Up to 4 in. long; white; equal or tapering downward; solid; surface dry, usually scurfy at the top, appressed fibrillose below

SPORE PRINT: White

ECOLOGY: Mycorrhizal; gregarious to clustered in coniferous litter; especially under hemlock; late summer and fall; occasional

EDIBILITY: Not edible

COMMENTS: The sour-tasting cuticle (observed by licking), bitter-tasting flesh, and potato odor will distinguish this species from other similar-looking species of Hygrophorus and Tricholoma.

Hygrophorus tennesseensis