Читать книгу Appalachian Mushrooms - Walter E. Sturgeon - Страница 18
ОглавлениеSMALL WHITE-SPORED MUSHROOMS WITH A WAXY TEXTURE
Hygrocybe, Gliophorus, and Humidicutis
HYGROCYBE IS A GENUS of small, usually terrestrial, waxy, often brightly colored mushrooms. The waxy texture can be determined by the paraffin-like feel of the flesh when crushed. Most have a dry or viscid cap that is not glutinous. Gliophorus species are small and have a glutinous cap.
Other waxy-textured genera have been split from Hygrocybe. These include Humidicutis (p. 84), Cuphophyllus (not illustrated), and Gloioxanthomyces (p. 72).
If a mushroom does not key out here, try the keys to small, white-spored mushrooms with specialized or various habitats.
Hygrocybe chlorophana
Gloioxanthomyces nitidus
Key to Hygrocybe, Gliophorus, and Humidicutis
1. Cap glutinous; brownish black to grayish brown: Gliophorus irrigatus (p. 83)
2. Cap glutinous; orange, yellow, pinkish, whitish, or violaceous; odor of crushed flesh unpleasant: Gliophorus laetus (p. 82)
3. Cap glutinous; reddish orange; yellow, reddish brown, tinged greenish at times; odor mild: Gliophorus perplexus (p. 81)
4. Cap glutinous; bright red; very small: Hygrocybe minutula (p. 7)
5. Cap dry; grayish brown to buff; odor nitrous: Hygrocybe nitrata (p. 79)
6. Cap dry; grayish brown to black; odor sweet: Neohygrocybe subovina (p. 80)
7. Cap moist; not viscid; dark orangish red to yellowish orange; gills purplish: Hygrocybe purpureofolia (p. 75)
8. Cap moist, not viscid; red to purplish red; gills red with yellow edges; stem red: Hygrocybe appalachianensis (p. 76)
9. Cap dry or moist; not viscid; scarlet to orange; gills yellowish; decurrent: Hygrocybe cantharellus (p. 73)
10. Cap dry or moist; not viscid; scarlet to orange; gills yellowish; not decurrent: Hygrocybe miniata (p. 74)
1. Cap moist; viscid when wet; orange to yellowish orange; gills white or pale yellow: Hygrocybe flavescens (p. 78)
12. Cap moist; orange to bright orangish yellow; gills colored like the cap: Humidicutis marginata var. concolor (p. 84)
SCIENTIFIC NAME: Hygrocybe cantharellus (Schwein.) Murrill
SYNONYM: Hygrophorus cantharellus (Schwein.) Fr.
COMMON NAME: Chanterelle Wax Cap
FAMILY: Hygrophoraceae
CAP: Up to 1-1/4 in. wide; convex becoming flattened, often with a central depression; scarlet to reddish orange or yellowish orange, fading in age, margin often yellowish; surface dry, tomentose to finely scaly; margin often scalloped or undulating at maturity
FLESH: Yellowish or colored like the cap; thin; odor not distinctive, or at times of raw potatoes; taste not distinctive
GILLS: Creamy yellow to orange yellow, edges sometimes paler than the faces; subdistant to distant; subdecurrent to decurrent; waxy; thick but with a sharp edge; no partial veil
STEM: Up to 3-1/4 in. long, typically much longer than the cap width; scarlet to reddish orange or yellowish orange, base yellow or white; equal or tapering downward; cylindrical or compressed; fragile; stuffed or hollow; surface dry or slightly tacky, smooth, bald, dull to satiny
SPORE PRINT: White
ECOLOGY: Probably symbiotic with mosses and possibly other plants; scattered to gregarious in moss, soil, well-decayed wood, and humus in broadleaf and mixed woods, bogs, and lawns; summer and early fall; common
EDIBILITY: Edible but of little value owing to its small size and thin flesh
COMMENTS: Compare with Hygrocybe miniata (p. 74), which is a common species that has a shorter stem and whose gills do not run down the stem. Hygrocybe turunda (not illustrated) is a similar bog species that has dark, erect hairs on the center of the cap. It is possible that Hygrocybe cantharellus represents a complex of very similar species.
Hygrocybe cantharellus
SCIENTIFIC NAME: Hygrocybe miniata (P. Kumm.) Fr.
SYNONYM: Hygrophorus miniatus (Fr.) Fr.
COMMON NAME: Vermillion Wax Cap
FAMILY: Hygrophoraceae
CAP: Up to 1-1/4 in. wide; scarlet to reddish orange, fading to orange; convex to broadly convex, becoming flat, often with a central depression; surface dry or moist, not viscid, at times becoming fibrillose or slightly scurfy
FLESH: Pale yellow, orange, reddish; thin; odor and taste not distinctive
GILLS: Variable in color, usually yellow but may be reddish or whitish; broadly attached to the stem; subdistant to distant; thick; waxy; edges even; no partial veil
STEM: Up to 3 in. long; red, orange, or yellow; equal or tapering toward the yellowish base; may be compressed; surface moist, not viscid
SPORE PRINT: White
ECOLOGY: Considered to be saprobic but recent studies indicate a possible association with mosses and other plants; gregarious to scattered on the ground, well-decayed wood, and in moss; summer and fall; common
EDIBILITY: Reported as edible; the author has not tried it
COMMENTS: This is one of the most common reddish wax caps. There are many others. None are considered choice edibles. Compare with Hygrocybe cantharellus (p. 73), whose gills extend down the stem.
Hygrocybe miniata
SCIENTIFIC NAME: Hygrocybe purpureofolia (H. E. Bigelow) Courtec.
SYNONYM: Hygrophorus purpureofolius H. E. Bigelow
COMMON NAME: Lavender Gilled Wax Cap
FAMILY: Hygrophoraceae
CAP: Up to 2 in. wide; dark orangish red, fading to bright yellowish orange, paler at the margin; conic, becoming convex to nearly flat, with a low, broad umbo; surface bald or with small scales, moist but not tacky or slimy
FLESH: White; thin; waxy; odor and taste not distinctive
GILLS: Lavender to purplish or yellowish orange in age; attached to subdecurrent; subdistant; waxy; edges even; no partial veil
STEM: Up to 3 in. long; yellow to orangish red, base with whitish or violet tints; equal or enlarged downward; hollow; often compressed; surface bald, moist, but not viscid
SPORE PRINT: White
ECOLOGY: Considered to be saprobic, but recent studies indicate a possible association with mosses and other plants; gregarious to scattered on the ground, on well-decayed wood, and in moss in broadleaf and mixed woods; summer and fall; uncommon
EDIBILITY: Unknown
COMMENTS: The combination of a reddish-orange cap and purplish gills make this a distinctive and striking species.
Hygrocybe purpureofolia
Photo by William Roody
SCIENTIFIC NAME: Hygrocybe appalachianensis (Hesler and A. H. Sm.) Kronaw
SYNONYM: Hygrophorus appalachianensis Hesler and A. H. Sm.
COMMON NAME: Appalachian Wax Cap
FAMILY: Hygrophoraceae
CAP: Up to 2-1/2 in. wide; bright red to deep purplish red, fading to orangish yellow, often with a pale margin; convex to flat, with a depressed center; margin turned under at first, with a yellow edging; surface moist, not viscid, not striate, fibrillose to minutely scaly
FLESH: Yellow tinged orange; odor and taste not distinctive
GILLS: Colored like the cap with yellowish edges; attached to subdecurrent; subdistant to distant; fairly broad; edges even or slightly saw toothed; no partial veil
STEM: Up to 3 in. long; mostly colored like the cap, base yellowish; equal; hollow; compressed at times; surface bald, not viscid
SPORE PRINT: White
ECOLOGY: Considered to be saprobic, but recent studies indicate a possible association with mosses and other plants; gregarious to scattered on the ground, in litter, and in moss; summer and fall; locally common
EDIBILITY: Unknown
COMMENTS: This striking species is aptly named because it is more common in the Appalachian mountain region than any other area. The red stem, at times purplish-red cap, and the yellow gill edges set it apart.
Hygrocybe appalachianensis
SCIENTIFIC NAME: Hygrocybe minutula (Peck) Murrill
SYNONYM: Gliophorus minutulus (Peck) Kovalenko
COMMON NAME: None
FAMILY: Hygrophoraceae
CAP: Up to 3/4 in. wide; scarlet to reddish orange, fading to yellow or orangish yellow in age, not staining black; convex to broadly convex, becoming nearly flat in age; surface glutinous to viscid, bald, obscurely translucent striate at times
FLESH: Colored like the cap or paler; not staining when exposed; thin, fragile; odor and taste not distinctive
GILLS: Yellowish orange or pale orange; attached to the stem or pulling away, with a decurrent tooth; close to subdistant; edges even; no partial veil
STEM: Up to 2 in. long; reddish or yellowish, often paler near the base; equal or tapered downward; fragile; at times constricted and hollow in age; surface bald, viscid, or glutinous
SPORE PRINT: White
ECOLOGY: Probably symbiotic with mosses and possibly other plants; scattered to gregarious in moss, humus, or soil, often in grassy areas under broadleaf trees; late spring, summer, and early fall; uncommon
EDIBILITY: Not edible
COMMENTS: Collecting this fragile mushroom intact requires care. It is very slippery! Hygrocybe miniata (p. 74) is larger and has a dry to moist cap.
Hygrocybe minutula
SCIENTIFIC NAME: Hygrocybe flavescens (Kauffman) Singer
SYNONYM: Hygrophorus flavescens (Kauffman) A. H. Sm. and Hesler
COMMON NAME: Golden Wax Cap
FAMILY: Hygrophoraceae
CAP: Up to 2-1/2 in wide; orange, yellowish orange, or orange with a yellow margin; convex to broadly convex, becoming flat; viscid when wet; shiny when dry; bald; obscurely translucent striate; margin turned under at first
FLESH: Yellowish; thin; waxy; odor and taste not distinctive
GILLS: Yellow, white, or pale yellow; notched or occasionally broadly attached to the stem; broad; close to subdistant; waxy; edges even; no partial veil
STEM: Up to 2-1/2 in. long; pale yellow, yellow, orange, usually paler at the base; equal or slightly tapered at the base; often compressed; fragile, splitting easily; surface moist but not viscid
SPORE PRINT: White
ECOLOGY: Considered to be saprobic, but recent studies indicate a possible association with mosses and other plants; gregarious to scattered on the ground, well-decayed wood, and in moss in broadleaf and mixed woods; summer and fall; common
EDIBILITY: Not recommended; reported as edible by some authors, but there are also reports of digestive upsets; even if edible, its thin, waxy flesh does not make it appealing as an esculent
COMMENTS: This is one of the first Hygrocybe species to appear in late spring or early summer. Hygrocybe chlorophana (p. 71) has a brighter yellow cap and a viscid stem. The author has observed mixed collections fruiting together in gregarious groups.
Hygrocybe flavescens
SCIENTIFIC NAME: Hygrocybe nitrata (Pers.) Wünsche
SYNONYM: Hygrophorus nitratus (Pers.) Fr.
COMMON NAME: None
FAMILY: Hygrophoraceae
CAP: Up to 2-3/4 in. wide; grayish brown to buff; bell-shaped at first, becoming convex and finally flat; surface dry, bald at first and then breaking up into fine fibers and squamules
FLESH: Brownish gray; thin; not staining when cut or bruised; odor nitrous, medicinal; taste acidic
GILLS: White with grayish tints; notched; subdistant; broad; waxy; edges even; no partial veil
STEM: Up to 4 in. long; white or grayish; equal or enlarged at the base; surface bald; hollow
SPORE PRINT: White
ECOLOGY: Considered to be saprobic, but recent studies indicate a possible association with mosses and other plants; gregarious to scattered in broadleaf and conifer woods on the ground, in litter, and in moss; summer and fall; occasional
EDIBILITY: Unknown
COMMENTS: The nitrous odor of this rather drab-colored species will set it apart from other similar mushrooms.
Hygrocybe nitrata
SCIENTIFIC NAME: Neohygrocybe subovina (Hesler and A. H. Sm.) Lodge and Padamsee
SYNONYM: Hygrocybe subovina (Hesler and A. H. Sm.) Lodge and S. A. Cantrell
COMMON NAME: None
FAMILY: Hygrophoraceae
CAP: Up to 2 in. wide; dark grayish brown when dry, nearly black when moist; convex to broadly convex, becoming flat; surface dry, fibrillose, slightly scaly at times, or smooth
FLESH: Colored about like the cap, at times paler, unchanging when damaged; thick over the center, thin at the margin; odor sweet, like brown sugar; taste not distinctive or slightly soapy
GILLS: Whitish to grayish brown, bruising reddish; just reaching the stem or notched; broad; distant to subdistant; edges usually even but at times distinctly saw-toothed; waxy; no partial veil
STEM: Up to 2-1/2 long; colored about like the cap, at times paler or darker; tapering up or sometimes equal; cylindrical, sometimes compressed; hollow; surface bald, longitudinally striate
SPORE PRINT: White
ECOLOGY: Mycorrhizal; scattered to gregarious in broadleaf and mixed woods, often under oaks; summer and fall
EDIBILITY: Unknown
COMMENTS: The photo shown here was of a collection that lacked the characteristic sweet odor and had saw-tooth gills, which is somewhat unusual. Otherwise it is typical. A very similar species is Neohygrocybe ovina (not illustrated), which has an ammonia-like odor.
Neohygrocybe subovina
SCIENTIFIC NAME: Gliophorus perplexus (A. H. Sm. and Hesler) Kovalenko
SYNONYM: Hygrocybe psittacina var. perplexa (A. H. Sm. and Hesler) Arnolds
COMMON NAME: None
FAMILY: Hygrophoraceae
CAP: Up to 1-1/4 in. wide; variable colors; egg-yolk yellow, reddish orange, reddish brown, at times with green or olivaceous areas; conic to convex, becoming flat in age, at times with a broad umbo; surface glutinous, bald, translucent striate
FLESH: Colored like the cap or paler; thin; odor and taste not distinctive
GILLS: Pale pinkish at first, becoming yellow to yellow orange in age; barely reaching the stem; subdistant; edges even; no partial veil
STEM: Up to 2-1/2 in. long; yellow or yellowish buff or a paler version of the cap color; equal or tapering slightly upward; hollow; surface bald, slimy
SPORE PRINT: White
ECOLOGY: Thought to be saprobic, but its relationships with certain mosses and other plants has yet to be determined; scattered to gregarious in moss, on soil, and on lawns and in broadleaf forests and parks
EDIBILITY: Not poisonous, but too small and slimy to be considered as an edible species
COMMENTS: Once considered a variety of the Parrot Wax Cap, Gliophorus psittacinus (not illustrated), which is bright green at first but soon fades to colors similar to those of Gliophorus perplexus. All species in the genus Gliophorus are slimy and slippery to handle when wet.
Gliophorus perplexus
SCIENTIFIC NAME: Gliophorus laetus (Pers.) Herink
SYNONYM: Hygrocybe laeta (Pers.) P. Kumm
COMMON NAME: Chameleon Wax Cap
FAMILY: Hygrophoraceae
CAP: Up to 1-1/2 in. wide; very variable in color, with mixtures of orange, yellow, and white, and at times shrimp pink or violaceous; convex to flat, with a central depression; surface bald, slimy when wet, tacky and shiny when dry, translucent striate
FLESH: Whitish, pale orange or pink; thin; odor variable, fishy, skunky, sweet, or not distinctive; taste not distinctive
GILLS: Pink, yellow, whitish, or violet gray; attached to subdecurrent; fairly broad; subdistant; waxy; no partial veil
STEM: Up to 2-1/2 in. long; colored like the cap only paler; equal; surface viscid, bald
SPORE PRINT: White
ECOLOGY: Thought to be saprobic, but its relationships with certain mosses and other plants has yet to be determined; scattered to gregarious in moss, on soil, in broadleaf forests, lawns, and occasionally under conifers; summer and fall; common
EDIBILITY: Not poisonous, but its small size and slime coating will probably discourage its use
COMMENTS: The usually fishy or unpleasant odor of its flesh when crushed, combined with the slippery cap and stem, will distinguish this mushroom. The closest look-alike is Gliophorus perplexus (p. 81), which lacks a distinctive odor.
Hygrocybe laeta
SCIENTIFIC NAME: Gliophorus irrigatus (Pers.) A. M. Ainsw. and P. M. Kirk
SYNONYMS: Hygrocybe irrigata M. M. Moser, Hygrocybe unguinosa (Fr.) P. Karst
COMMON NAME: None
FAMILY: Hygrophoraceae
CAP: Up to 1-1/2 in. wide; dark brownish black becoming dark grayish brown in age; convex becoming flat, with an umbo at times; surface glutinous, bald, translucent striate
FLESH: Grayish to white, watery; thin; odor not distinctive, or slightly unpleasant; taste not distinctive
GILLS: Whitish to gray; attached to the stem; thick; waxy; subdistant to distant; edges even; no partial veil
STEM: Up to 2-1/2 in. long; gray to grayish brown; equal; becoming hollow; surface slimy, bald
SPORE PRINT: White
ECOLOGY: Thought to be saprobic, but its relationships with certain mosses and other plants has yet to be determined; scattered to gregarious in broadleaf forests, lawns, and occasionally under conifers; summer and fall; occasional
EDIBILITY: Nonpoisonous, but its small size and slime coating will probably discourage its use
COMMENTS: This dark-colored, slippery mushroom is difficult to collect because it readily slips through the fingers. It is easily overlooked owing to its dark coloration.
Gliophorus irrigatus
SCIENTIFIC NAME: Humidicutis marginata var. concolor (A. H. Sm.) Malloch
SYNONYMS: Humidicutis marginata (Peck) Singer, Hygrocybe marginata var. concolor (A. H. Sm.) Bessette, A. R. Bessette, Roody, and W. E. Sturgeon
COMMON NAME: None
FAMILY: Hygrophoraceae
CAP: Up to 1-1/2 in. wide; orange yellow to bright golden yellow, at times streaked pale yellow; conic becoming bell-shaped to nearly flat, at times with a broad umbo; surface bald, moist, not striate
FLESH: Yellow; thin; waxy; odor and taste not distinctive
GILLS: Orange yellow to bright golden yellow; attached to the stem or notched; subdistant; broad; waxy; edges even; no partial veil
STEM: Up to 2-1/2 in. long; yellow to pale yellow, sometimes white at the base; equal; hollow; surface bald, moist
SPORE PRINT: White
ECOLOGY: Saprobic; scattered to gregarious in wet woods under conifers and broadleaf trees; summer and fall; common
EDIBILITY: Edible but without much flavor or substance
COMMENTS: Two other varieties are recognized. Humidicutis marginata var. olivacea has a brownish-olive cap center and is often sharply umbonate. Humidicutis marginata var. marginata has brilliant-orange gills that remain orange after the cap has faded.
Humidicutis marginata var. concolor
SCIENTIFIC NAME: Chromosera cyanophylla (Fr.) Redhead, Ammirati, and Norvell
SYNONYM: Mycena lilacifolia (Peck) A. H. Sm.
COMMON NAME: None
FAMILY: Hygrophoraceae
CAP: Up to 1 in. wide; color variable, violaceous, or bright yellow when young, fading to pale yellow or whitish; convex to nearly flat, with a central umbilicus; surface viscid, translucent striate
FLESH: Pale, unchanging when exposed; thin; odor mild; taste unknown
GILLS: Lavender fading to pinkish lavender, at times yellow; subdistant; broad; edges even; subdecurrent; no partial veil
STEM: Up to 1 in. long; lavender at first but soon yellowish, fading to pale yellow; equal or with a small basal bulb; hollow; fragile; surface viscid, shiny; base with lavender mycelium
SPORE PRINT: White
ECOLOGY: Saprobic on decorticated conifer logs, often in moss; scattered to gregarious; fruits in cool weather, spring, and fall; occasional
EDIBILITY: Unknown
COMMENTS: When in prime condition, this is an eye-catching little mushroom. The gills keep their lavender color, contrasting nicely with the yellowish caps. It is found throughout Appalachia but is not common and is often overlooked owing to its small size.
Chromosera cyanophylla
Chromosera cyanophylla
